Packet 9 - Respiratory System (2)

Question 1

Occurs outside of hospitals and other health care facilities.

a. ) Typical / Bacterial Pneumonia
b. ) Atypical / Interstitial / Viral Pneumonia
c. ) Community-acquired Pneumonia
d. ) Hospital acquired Pneumonia

Answer 1

c.) Community-acquired Pneumonia

Occurs outside of hospitals and other health care facilities.

Question 2

Milder symptoms, does not affect alveoli iself, but it goes for air ducts to alveoli and interstitial. Less severe and does not cause as much impairment of gas exchange and produces less mucous. Can predispose to bacterial pneumonia.

a. ) Typical / Bacterial Pneumonia
b. ) Atypical / Interstitial / Viral Pneumonia
c. ) Community-acquired Pneumonia
d. ) Hospital acquired Pneumonia

Answer 2

b.) Atypical / Interstitial / Viral Pneumonia

Milder symptoms, does not affect alveoli iself, but it goes for air ducts to alveoli and interstitial.

Less severe and does not cause as much impairment of gas exchange and produces less mucous.

Can predispose to bacterial pneumonia.

Question 3

More drug resistant and virulent.

a. ) Typical / Bacterial Pneumonia
b. ) Atypical / Interstitial / Viral Pneumonia
c. ) Community-acquired Pneumonia
d. ) Hospital acquired Pneumonia

Answer 3

d.) Hospital acquired Pneumonia

More drug resistant and virulent.

Question 4

Fluid in alveoli sacs, causes a decrease in gas exchange.

a. ) Typical / Bacterial Pneumonia
b. ) Atypical / Interstitial / Viral Pneumonia
c. ) Community-acquired Pneumonia
d. ) Hospital acquired Pneumonia

Answer 4

a.) Typical / Bacterial Pneumonia

Fluid in alveoli sacs, causes a decrease in gas exchange.

Question 5

Tuberculosis

Skin test + , but no s/s, not contagious.

a. ) infection
b. ) active disease

Answer 5

a.) infection

implantation of organism → inflammation → development of tubercle/Ghon focus to prevent spread of organism → scar tissue forms around tubercle.

Skin test + , but no s/s, not contagious.

Question 6

Tuberculosis

Skin test + , s/s present, contagious.

a. ) infection
b. ) active disease

Answer 6

b.) active disease

Organism multiplies → lesion enlarges → erodes into bronchus → necrotic tissue and live organism coughed up in sputum → cavities left behind → more scar tissue formation.

Skin test + , s/s present, contagious.

Question 7

Tuberculosis

implantation of organism → inflammation → development of tubercle/Ghon focus to prevent spread of organism → scar tissue forms around tubercle.

a. ) infection
b. ) active disease

Answer 7

a.) infection

implantation of organism → inflammation → development of tubercle/Ghon focus to prevent spread of organism → scar tissue forms around tubercle.

Skin test + , but no s/s, not contagious.

Question 8

Tuberculosis

Organism multiplies → lesion enlarges → erodes into bronchus → necrotic tissue and live organism coughed up in sputum → cavities left behind → more scar tissue formation.

a. ) infection
b. ) active disease

Answer 8

b.) active disease

Organism multiplies → lesion enlarges → erodes into bronchus → necrotic tissue and live organism coughed up in sputum → cavities left behind → more scar tissue formation.

Skin test + , s/s present, contagious.

Question 9

Asthma

Inflammatory mediators attract other inflammatory cells, which causes the release of more mediators. The release of mediators causes mucosal inflammation, increased mucus, and increased reactivity. Vicious cycle of exacerbations, usually 2-8 hours after initial exposure. Can cause damage to epithelial cells, and chronic changes in airways.

a. ) early/acute phase response
b. ) late phase response

Answer 9

b.) late phase response

Inflammatory mediators attract other inflammatory cells → release more mediators → mucosal inflammation / increased mucus / increased reactivity → vicious cycle of exacerbations, usually 2-8 hours after initial exposure. Can cause damage to epithelial cells, and chronic changes in airways.

Question 10

Asthma

• Bronchospasm*, usually within 10-20 minutes of exposeure; also inflammation/edema of airway mucosa, and increased mucus production. Related to antigen binding to IgE on mast cells, which causes the release of inflammatory mediators.
  a. ) early/acute phase response
  b. ) late phase response

Answer 10

a. ) early/acute phase response
* Bronchospasm*, usually within 10-20 minutes of exposeure; also inflammation/edema of airway mucosa, and increased mucus production.

Related to antigen binding to IgE on mast cells, which causes the release of inflammatory mediators.

Question 11

Inflammation of respiratory tissues caused by M. tuberculosis (airborne infectious disease).

a. ) Pneumonia b.) Tuberculosis
c. ) Asthma d.) Pulmonary embolism
e. ) Emphysema (Type A COPD)
f. ) Chronic Bronchitis (Type B COPD)

Answer 11

b.) Tuberculosis

Inflammation of respiratory tissues caused by M. tuberculosis (airborne infectious disease).

Question 12

Inflammation of airways causes edema and increased mucus/sputum production, resulting in airway obstruction (especially during expiration, when airways are narrower).

a. ) Pneumonia b.) Tuberculosis
c. ) Asthma d.) Pulmonary embolism
e. ) Emphysema (Type A COPD)
f. ) Chronic Bronchitis (Type B COPD)

Answer 12

f.) Chronic Bronchitis (Type B COPD)

Inflammation of airways causes edema and increased mucus/sputum production, resulting in airway obstruction (especially during expiration, when airways are narrower).

Smoker’s cough

Question 13

Limitation in airflow in expiration (obstructive disorders) related to a decrease in elastic recoil, inflammation, and/or an increase in mucus. Requires both a genetic predisposition and triggers.

a. ) Pneumonia b.) Tuberculosis
c. ) Asthma d.) Pulmonary embolism
e. ) Emphysema (Type A COPD)
f. ) Chronic Bronchitis (Type B COPD)

Answer 13

c.) Asthma

Limitation in airflow in expiration (obstructive disorders) related to a decrease in elastic recoil, inflammation, and/or an increase in mucus.

Genetic predisposition + triggers

Question 14

Inflammation of respiratory tissues caused by microorganism, inhalation of irritating gases, and/or aspiration. Fluid accumulates in the alveoli and mucus production increases.

a. ) Pneumonia b.) Tuberculosis
c. ) Asthma d.) Pulmonary embolism
e. ) Emphysema (Type A COPD)
f. ) Chronic Bronchitis (Type B COPD)

Answer 14

a.) Pneumonia

Inflammation of respiratory tissues.

Inflammation is caused by microorganism, inhalation of irritating gases, and/or aspiration.

Fluid accumulates in the alveoli and mucus production increases.

Exudation - the escape of fluid, cells, or cellular debris from blood vessels and deposition in or on the tissue.

Question 15

Inflammatory cells produce enzymes that cause the destruction of alveolar walls, resulting in abnormal enlargement of air spaces. The inflammatory cells also decrease lung tissue elasticity and recoil, resulting in air trapping/hyperinflation and difficulty with expiration.

a. ) Pneumonia b.) Tuberculosis
c. ) Asthma d.) Pulmonary embolism
e. ) Emphysema (Type A COPD)
f. ) Chronic Bronchitis (Type B COPD)

Answer 15

e.) Emphysema (Type A COPD)

Inflammatory cells produce enzymes that cause the destruction of alveolar walls, resulting in abnormal enlargement of air spaces.

The inflammatory cells also decrease lung tissue elasticity and recoil, resulting in air trapping/hyperinflation and difficulty with expiration.

Question 16

An obstruction to blood flow through pulmonary arterial circulation.

a. ) Pneumonia b.) Tuberculosis
c. ) Asthma d.) Pulmonary embolism
e. ) Emphysema (Type A COPD)
f. ) Chronic Bronchitis (Type B COPD)

Answer 16

d.) Pulmonary embolism

An obstruction to blood flow through pulmonary arterial circulation.

Obstruction / clot / air in one of the pulmonary branches.

P/C Factors:

• thromboembolic disorders, especially DVT.
• Fractures, or injury to fat depots (fat metabolism).
• Rupture of membranes during childbirth (amniotic fluid embolism).