Packet 15 - Endocrine System (3) Flashcards
Hormones that decrease blood glucose (select all that apply).
a. ) glucagon
b. ) epinephrine
c. ) insulin
d. ) glucocorticoids
e. ) growth hormone
Hormone that DECREASE blood glucose
insulin
Hormones that increase blood glucose (select all that apply).
a. ) glucagon
b. ) epinephrine
c. ) insulin
d. ) glucocorticoids
e. ) growth hormone
Hormones that INCREASE blood glucose
- Glucagon (actions opposite to insulin)
- Epinephrine
- Glucocorticoids (stress hormones)
- Growth hormone
Most cases of ______ diabetes mellitus are related to autoimmune destruction of beta cells, which causes an absolute lack of insulin.
a. ) Type I
b. ) Type II
Most cases of type I diabetes mellitus are related to autoimmune destruction of beta cells, which causes an absolute lack of insulin.
Most cases of ______ diabetes mellitus are related to insulin resistance, which increases blood glucose levels, causing compensatory hyperinsulinemia. This causes beta cell exhaustion and decreased insulin secretion (not enough to balance effects of glucagon).
a. ) Type I
b. ) Type II
Most cases of Type II diabetes mellitus are related to insulin resistance, which increases blood glucose levels, causing compensatory hyperinsulinemia. This causes beta cell exhaustion and decreased insulin secretion (not enough to balance effects of glucagon).
Diabetes Mellitus Complications
Long-term complication of diabetes mellitus that is related to chronic hyperglycemia, which causes damage to the walls of smaller blood vessels that supply these structures. Results in neuropathies, nephropathy, retinopathy, and other eye problems.
- ) Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)
- ) Microvascular Complications
- ) Macrovascular Complications
- ) Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
- ) Hypoglycemia
Microvascular Complications
Long-term complication of diabetes mellitus
Neuropathies, nephropathy, retinopathy, and other eye problems.
(r/t chronic hyperglycemia → damage to walls of smaller blood vessels that supply these structures)
Diabetes Mellitus Complications
Assessment findings include decreased blood glucose levels, sympathetic stimulation, and CNS symptoms (headaches, changes in mental functioning and judgment, uncoordination, seizures, and coma). Related to too much medication, a decrease in food, and/or an increase in exercise.
- ) Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)
- ) Microvascular Complications
- ) Macrovascular Complications
- ) Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
- ) Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia
Acute complication of diabetes mellitus
r/t too much medication, decrease in food, increase in exercise
Assessment Findings:
- Decrease in glucose levels
- Sympathetic stimulation
- CNS symptoms
- Headaches
- Changes in mental functioning & judgment
- Uncoordination
- Seizures
- Coma
Diabetes Mellitus Complications
Absolute lack of insulin plus an increase in counterregulatory hormones (frequently precipitated by stress) that prevents glucose from moving into cells, resulting in increased breakdown of fats and proteins and metabolic acidosis.
- ) Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)
- ) Microvascular Complications
- ) Macrovascular Complications
- ) Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
- ) Hypoglycemia
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
Acute complication of diabetes mellitus
Absolute lack of insulin + increase in counterregulatory hormones (frequently precipitated by stress) → glucose can’t move into cells → increase in breakdown of fat and protein → ketosis (ketoacidosis / metabolic acidosis)
Assessment Findings:
- Lethargy
- Coma
- Lungs compensate (hyperventilation)
- Kussmaul Resp ***
P/C Factors:
Type 1 diabetes mellitus: most cases r/t autoimmune destruction of beta cells → absolute lack of insulin
- genetic predisposition
- triggering event
- more common in young persons
Interventions:
- insulin injections
Diabetes Mellitus Complications
Insulin resistance plus stress, excessive CHO intake, or dehydration cause an increase in blood glucose and an increase in serum osmolarity. Assessment findings include hyperglycemia, very high glucose levels, insulin resistance, hyperosmolar (very thick), and cells being hypertonic.
- ) Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)
- ) Microvascular Complications
- ) Macrovascular Complications
- ) Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
- ) Hypoglycemia
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)
Acute complication of diabetes mellitus
insulin resistance + stress, excessive CHO intake, or dehydration → increase in blood glucose → increase in serum osmolarity
Assessment Findings:
- Hyperglycemia
- Very, very high glucose levels
- Neuro signs
- Hyperosmolar (very thick)
- Hypertonic
- insulin resistance
P/C Factors:
Type II diabetes mellitus: r/t insulin resistance → increase in blood glucose → compensatory hyperinsulinemia → beta cell exhaustion and decreased insulin secretion (not enough to balance effects of glucagon)
- Older ages
- Sedentary lifestyle
- Obesity (especially abdominal)
Interventions:
- Early = lifestyle modifications (exercise + weight loss)
- Late = meds
- Very late = insulin
Diabetes Mellitus Complications
Long-term complication of diabetes mellitus that is related to diabetics having many of the risk factors for CAD, PVD, stroke, etc.
- ) Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)
- ) Microvascular Complications
- ) Macrovascular Complications
- ) Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
- ) Hypoglycemia
Macrovascular Complications
Long-term complication of diabetes mellitus
CAD, PVD, stroke
(Possibly r/t diabetics having many of the risk factors for these conditions)
Diabetes Mellitus Complications
Acute complication of type II diabetes mellitus.
- ) Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)
- ) Microvascular Complications
- ) Macrovascular Complications
- ) Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
- ) Hypoglycemia
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)
Acute complication of diabetes mellitus
insulin resistance + stress, excessive CHO intake, or dehydration → increase in blood glucose → increase in serum osmolarity
Assessment Findings:
- Hyperglycemia
- Very, very high glucose levels
- Neuro signs
- Hyperosmolar (very thick)
- Hypertonic
- insulin resistance
P/C Factors:
Type II diabetes mellitus: r/t insulin resistance → increase in blood glucose → compensatory hyperinsulinemia → beta cell exhaustion and decreased insulin secretion (not enough to balance effects of glucagon)
- Older ages
- Sedentary lifestyle
- Obesity (especially abdominal)
Interventions:
- Early = lifestyle modifications (exercise + weight loss)
- Late = meds
- Very late = insulin
Diabetes Mellitus Complications
Acute complication of type I diabetes mellitus.
- ) Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)
- ) Microvascular Complications
- ) Macrovascular Complications
- ) Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
- ) Hypoglycemia
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
Acute complication of diabetes mellitus
Absolute lack of insulin + increase in counterregulatory hormones (frequently precipitated by stress) → glucose can’t move into cells → increase in breakdown of fat and protein → ketosis (ketoacidosis / metabolic acidosis)
Assessment Findings:
- Lethargy
- Coma
- Lungs compensate (hyperventilation)
- Kussmaul Resp ***
P/C Factors:
Type 1 diabetes mellitus: most cases r/t autoimmune destruction of beta cells → absolute lack of insulin
- genetic predisposition
- triggering event
- more common in young persons
Interventions:
- insulin injections
