Packet 11 - Renal Function (3)

Question 1

Related to obstruction to urinary outflow (i.e., renal calculi).

a. ) prerenal failure
b. ) intrarenal / intrinsic renal failure
c. ) postrenal failure

Answer 1

c.) postrenal failure

Acute Renal Failure (ARF) / Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

Failure of kidneys to perform renal function.

P/C Factors:

• Prerenal Failure r/t impaired renal blood flow without ischemic injury.
  
  • i.e. severe bleeding, hypovolemia, atherosclerosis in renal artery, shock
• intrarenal / intrinsic renal failure (injury to nephron)
  
  • i.e. toxic agents, immune mechanisms, ischemic injury
• Postrenal Failure r/t obstruction to urinary outflow.
  
  • i.e. renal calculi

Question 2

Related to an injury to the nephron (i.e., toxic agents, immune mechanisms, ischemic injury, acute tubular necrosis).

a. ) prerenal failure
b. ) intrarenal / intrinsic renal failure
c. ) postrenal failure

Answer 2

b.) intrarenal / intrinsic renal failure

Acute Renal Failure (ARF) / Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

Failure of kidneys to perform renal function.

P/C Factors:

• Prerenal Failure r/t impaired renal blood flow without ischemic injury.
  
  • i.e. severe bleeding, hypovolemia, atherosclerosis in renal artery, shock
• intrarenal / intrinsic renal failure (injury to nephron)
  
  • i.e. toxic agents, immune mechanisms, ischemic injury
• Postrenal Failure r/t obstruction to urinary outflow.
  
  • i.e. renal calculi

Question 3

Related to impaired renal blood flow without ischemic injury (i.e., severe bleeding, hypovolemia, atherosclerosis in renal artery, shock).

a. ) prerenal failure
b. ) intrarenal / intrinsic renal failure
c. ) postrenal failure

Answer 3

a.) prerenal failure

Acute Renal Failure (ARF) / Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

Failure of kidneys to perform renal function.

P/C Factors:

• Prerenal Failure r/t impaired renal blood flow without ischemic injury.
  
  • i.e. severe bleeding, hypovolemia, atherosclerosis in renal artery, shock
• intrarenal / intrinsic renal failure (injury to nephron)
  
  • i.e. toxic agents, immune mechanisms, ischemic injury
• Postrenal Failure r/t obstruction to urinary outflow.
  
  • i.e. renal calculi

Question 4

Bladder infection characterized by frequency of urination, lower abdominal or back discomfort, and burning and pain on urination (i.e., dysuria). Occasionally, the urine is cloudy and foul smelling. In adults, fever and other signs of infection usually are absent.

a. ) cystitis
b. ) acute pyelonephritis
c. ) Renal calculi / nephrolithiasis
d. ) Acute Renal Failure (ARF) / Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
e. ) Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Answer 4

a.) cystitis

infection

Characterized by frequency of urination, lower abdominal or back discomfort, and burning and pain on urination (i.e., dysuria). Occasionally, the urine is cloudy and foul smelling. In adults, fever and other signs of infection usually are absent.

P/C Factors:

• Altered urinary tract defenses
• immunosuppression
• Urinary obstruction → urinary stasis
• Urinary retention → ischemia of bladder wall
• Urinary reflux (backwards)
• Gender (female because their urethra is shorter)
• Age
• instrumentation
• invasive procedures (catheter)

Question 5

Predisposing/causative factors include: pregnancy, tumors, scar tissue related to infections or inflammation, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and/or urinary calculi cause the obstruction of urine flow.

a. ) cystitis
b. ) acute pyelonephritis
c. ) Renal calculi / nephrolithiasis
d. ) Acute Renal Failure (ARF) / Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
e. ) Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Answer 5

c.) Renal calculi / nephrolithiasis

obstruction of urine flow

P/C Factors:

• Urinary calculi
• Benign prostatic hyperplasia
• Congenital defects
• Scar tissue related to infections or inflammation
• Tumors
• Pregnancy

Question 6

Failure of kidneys to perform renal function caused by impaired renal blood flow, injury to nephrons, and/or obstruction in urine outflow.

a. ) cystitis
b. ) acute pyelonephritis
c. ) Renal calculi / nephrolithiasis
d. ) Acute Renal Failure (ARF) / Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
e. ) Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Answer 6

d.) Acute Renal Failure (ARF) / Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

Failure of kidneys to perform renal function.

P/C Factors:

• Prerenal Failure r/t impaired renal blood flow without ischemic injury.
  
  • i.e. severe bleeding, hypovolemia, atherosclerosis in renal artery, shock
• intrarenal / intrinsic renal failure (injury to nephron)
  
  • i.e. toxic agents, immune mechanisms, ischemic injury
• Postrenal Failure r/t obstruction to urinary outflow.
  
  • i.e. renal calculi

Question 7

An upper UTI, specifically the renal parenchyma and renal pelvis. Tends to present with an abrupt onset of chills, high fever, very foul smelling urine, and an ache or tenderness in the costovertebral angle (flank area of the back) that is unilateral or bilateral.

a. ) cystitis
b. ) acute pyelonephritis
c. ) Renal calculi / nephrolithiasis
d. ) Acute Renal Failure (ARF) / Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
e. ) Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Answer 7

b.) acute pyelonephritis

infection

An upper UTI, specifically the renal parenchyma and renal pelvis. Tends to present with an abrupt onset of chills, high fever, very foul smelling urine, and an ache or tenderness in the costovertebral angle (flank area of the back) that is unilateral or bilateral.

P/C Factors:

• Altered urinary tract defenses
• immunosuppression
• Urinary obstruction → urinary stasis
• Urinary retention → ischemia of bladder wall
• Urinary reflux (backwards)
• Gender (female because their urethra is shorter)
• Age
• instrumentation
• invasive procedures (catheter)

Question 8

First two problems are isosthenuria and azotemia.

a. ) cystitis
b. ) acute pyelonephritis
c. ) Renal calculi / nephrolithiasis
d. ) Acute Renal Failure (ARF) / Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
e. ) Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Answer 8

e.) Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Failure of kidneys to perform normal functions.

First 2 Problems:

• isosthenuria - large amounts of diluted urine
• azotemia - high amount of waste products

P/C Factors:

• Severe/chronic infection
• Glomerular disorders
• Sysstemic diseases such as diabetes or lupus
• Urinary obstruction
• Uncontrolled hypertension

Question 9

Supersaturation of urine with stone components, a deficiency of endogenous inhibitors of stone formation, urinary stasis, triggering substances can cause the obstruction of urine flow.

a. ) cystitis
b. ) acute pyelonephritis
c. ) Renal calculi / nephrolithiasis
d. ) Acute Renal Failure (ARF) / Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
e. ) Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Answer 9

c.) Renal calculi / nephrolithiasis

obstruction of urine flow

P/C Factors:

• Urinary calculi
• Benign prostatic hyperplasia
• Congenital defects
• Scar tissue related to infections or inflammation
• Tumors
• Pregnancy

Question 10

Failure of kidneys to perform normal functions caused by glomerular disorders, systemic diseases such as diabetes or lupus, uncontrolled hypertension, urinary obstruction, and/or a severe/chronic infection.

a. ) cystitis
b. ) acute pyelonephritis
c. ) Renal calculi / nephrolithiasis
d. ) Acute Renal Failure (ARF) / Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
e. ) Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Answer 10

e.) Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Failure of kidneys to perform normal functions.

First 2 Problems:

• isosthenuria - large amounts of diluted urine
• azotemia - high amount of waste products

P/C Factors:

• Severe/chronic infection
• Glomerular disorders
• Sysstemic diseases such as diabetes or lupus
• Urinary obstruction
• Uncontrolled hypertension