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Semester 4 > Repro Session 1 > Flashcards

Repro Session 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What compromises the male internal genitalia?

A

Testes, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, seminal vesicles, prostate gland and bulbourethral glands

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2
Q

What comprises the female internal genitalia?

A

Ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix and vagina

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3
Q

What comprises the male external genitalia?

A

Penis and scrotum

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4
Q

What comprises the female external genitalia?

A

Vagina, vestibule, labia minora and majora and clitoris

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5
Q

What are the male secondary sexual characteristics?

A

Larger body size, body composition and fat distribution, facial hair, male pattern baldness, CNS effects and smell

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6
Q

What are the female secondary sexual characteristics?

A

Smaller body size, SC fat distribution, breast and hair development, CNS effect

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7
Q

How does the development of both male and female reproductive tracts broadly start?

A

At an indifferent stage with a gonad and duct system

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8
Q

When do structural and functional development of the reproductive tracts occur?

A

Structural in utero

Functional after birth in childhood, adolescence and puberty

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9
Q

What is the urogenital ridge?

A

Region of intermediate mesoderm that gives rise to the embryonic kidney and indifferent gonad

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10
Q

Where do the cells of the primitive gonad originate from?

A

Stroma/parenchyma from intermediate mesoderm supported by primordial germ cells from yolk sac

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11
Q

How do primordial germ cells end up in the indifferent gonad?

A

Arise in yolk sac in week 3 and migrate into the retroperitoneum along the dorsal mesentery

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12
Q

Why are retroperitoneal germ cell tumours seen in the gonads?

A

Indifferent gonads develop in the retroperitoneum

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13
Q

How is the indifferent gonad developed in the genetic male?

A

Male gamete carries Y chromosome –> XY conceptus –> primordial germ cells carry Y –> expression of SRY genes on Y leads to male transcription factors

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14
Q

How does the indifferent gonad develop in the genetic female?

A

Male gamete carrying X chromosome –> XX conceptus –> no SRY gene zone and therefore development of female

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15
Q

How does the medullary cord differ in the male and female?

A

Develops in male, regresses in female

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16
Q

How do the cortical cords differ in the male and female?

A

No cortical cords in male, they develop in the female

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17
Q

Why does the ovary not have a tunica albuginea?

A

Oocytes have to migrate outside gonad

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18
Q

What does the fate of the mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts depend on?

A

Whether there is an ovary or testis present

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19
Q

Where do the mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts end?

A

Cloaca

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20
Q

What is the alternative name for the mesonephric duct?

A

Wolffian duct

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21
Q

What combines with the mesonephric duct to form the embryonic kidney to give a primitive renal function?

A

Mesonephric tubules

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22
Q

Where is the mesonephric duct positioned?

A

Close to the primitive gonad and making contact with the cloaca caudally

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23
Q

What prevents regression of the Wolffian duct?

A

Male sex hormones from Leydig cells

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24
Q

What is the paramesonephric/Mullerian duct?

A

Invaginations of the urogenital ridge that enlarge and pull peritoneum into the midline to form the uterus

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25
Q

What allows development of the paramesonephric duct?

A

Absence of Mullerian inhibiting substance form Sertoli cells

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26
Q

Where do the paramesonephric ducts have openings?

A

Caudally at the cloaca and cranial into the abdominal cavity

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27
Q

Why can the paramesonephric duct open into the abdominal cavity?

A

Lack draining function

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28
Q

How do the external genitalia appear at 7 weeks?

A

Indifferent: genital tubercle, genital folds surrounding opening of urogenital sinus and genital swellings

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29
Q

What is the result of presence of dihydrotestosterone on external genitalia?

A

Genital tubercle elongation, fusion of genital folds on ventral surface, fusion of genital swellings

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30
Q

What does fusion of the genital folds and swellings form respectively?

A

Spongy urethra and scrotum

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31
Q

What is the result of lack of testis derived androgen on the external genitalia?

A

Genial tubercle doesn’t elongate, genital folds do not fuse, genital swellings do not fuse and the urethra opens into the vestibule

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32
Q

What are the fates of the components of the indifferent gonad in the absence of testis derived androgens?

A

Genital tubercle –> clitoris
Genital folds –> labia minora
Genital swellings –> labia majorum

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33
Q

Describe the descent of the testis.

A

Appear retroperiotneally high up on posterior abdominal wall

–> processus vaginalis creates path for testes to be guided by the gubernaculum anterior to the pubic symphysis

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34
Q

What is the processus vaginalis?

A

Outpouching of peritoneum

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35
Q

What is the round ligament of the uterus?

A

Adult remnant of gubernaculum that attaches the ovary inferiorly to the labio-scrotal folds

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36
Q

Why is the round ligament of the uterus seen in the inguinal canal?

A

Tethered to labio-scrotal folds

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37
Q

Why does the ovary not move any more inferiorly that the pelvis?

A

It is tethered by ligaments

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38
Q

What does gestation depend on?

A

Placental support within female reproductive tract

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39
Q

What are hermaphrodites?

A

Individuals that have both ovarian and testicular tissue

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40
Q

If a hermaphrodite has the genotype 46, XX what do they usually have?

A

Uterus

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41
Q

Are hermaphrodites typically male or female in terms of genital development?

A

Either

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42
Q

Describe the hormone derangement in congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

A

Low steroid hormone production by the adrenals and hence high ACTH production

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43
Q

Which two processes can be affected in congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

A

21-hydroxylation or more rarely 17-alpha-hydroxylation

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44
Q

How might females affected by congenital adrenal hyperplasia present?

A

Parietal masculinisation with large clitoris, virilisation with male appearance, female internal and external genitalia but failure of secondary sexual characteristics

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45
Q

What is inhibited in males affected by congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

A

Virilisation

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46
Q

What happens in androgen insensitivity syndrome?

A

Males that have a Y chromosome and testis but lack of receptors to/response to dihydrotestosterone –> no male genitalia but paramesonephric duct is suppressed

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47
Q

How may an individual affected by complete androgen insensitivity syndrome present?

A

Short/poorly developed vagina, testes in inguinal or labial regions but no spermatogenesis

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48
Q

What does complete androgen insensitivity syndrome increase the risk of?

A

Testicular tumours

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49
Q

Describe the spectrum of effects seen in mild/partial androgen insensitivity syndromes.

A

Mild–> virilisation
Partial –> ambiguous genitalia
Tested are usually undescended

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50
Q

What happens in 5-alpha-reductase deficiency?

A

Testosterone is not converted to dihydrotestosterone therefore causing ambiguous genitalia in males with hypospadias/clitoromegaly

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51
Q

Describe Klinefelter syndrome.

A

47, XXY causing decreased fertility, small testes, decreed testosterone +/- gynaecomastia

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52
Q

Describe Swyer syndrome (XY female gonadal dysgenesis).

A

Point mutations/deletion of SRY gene so pts appear to be female but do not menstruate or develop secondary sexual characteristics

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53
Q

Describe Turner syndrome.

A

45, X with gonadal dysgenesis, short stature, high-arched palate, webbed neck, shield-like chest, cardiac and renal abnormalities and inverted nipples

54
Q

What are the features of gonadal dysgenesis?

A

Oocytes absent, ovaries are streak gonads, phenotypically female with a variety of chromosomal complements

55
Q

What are hypospadias?

A

Incomplete fusion of the urethral folds allowing abnormal openings of the urethra along the inferior aspect of the penis

56
Q

Where are the abnormal openings in hypospadia usually seen?

A

Near the glans, shaft or base

57
Q

What is epispadia?

A

Urethral meatus is on the dorsum of the penis

58
Q

What causes micropenis?

A

Insufficient androgens due to primary hypogonadism, hypothalamic or pituitary disorder

59
Q

What is the result of the genital tubercle splitting in the male?

A

Bifid penis

60
Q

How do duplications of the uterus arise?

A

Lack of fusion of the paramesonephric ducts in a local area or along the entire line of fusion

61
Q

What is uterus didelphys?

A

Double uterus

62
Q

What is uterus arcuatus?

A

Slightly indented uterus due to failure of paramesonephric duct fusion

63
Q

Describe uterus bicornis.

A

2 horns enter common vagina

64
Q

What causes cervical/vaginal atresia?

A

Complete or partial atresia of the paramesonephric ducts

65
Q

Once germ cells have colonised the gonads, what processes do they undergo to form mature gametes?

A

Mitosis, meiosis and cytodifferentiation

66
Q

Compare spermatogenesis with oogenesis.

A

Spermatogenesis: huge number of gametes produced continuously with essentially disposable cells.
Oogenesis: few gametes produced intermittently with each having ~1/400th of the total reproductive potential of the female

67
Q

Briefly describe the 4 steps of meiosis.

A

Prophase: chromosomes condense, crossing over occurs
Metaphase: homologous pairs align
Anaphase: pairs separate
Telophase: 2 daughter cells formed

68
Q

What are the two main functions of meiosis in gametogenesis?

A

Reduce hormosome number to 23 and ensure each gamete is genetically unique

69
Q

What are the products of meiosis in oogenesis?

A

1 mature oocyte and 3 polar bodies

70
Q

Why are polar bodies formed in oogenesis?

A

To maximise cytoplasm and nutrients present into one cell

71
Q

What is crossing over in meiosis?

A

Exchange of regions of DNA between 2 homologous chromosomes

72
Q

What is random segregation in meiosis?

A

Random distribution of chromosomes among 4 gametes

73
Q

How does independent assortment give rise to genetic variation?

A

2 homologous chromosomes of a pair must go into separate gametes

74
Q

What is the raw material for spermatogenesis?

A

Soermatogonia

75
Q

When does spermatogenesis occur in the male?

A

Begins around puberty and is available for up to 70 years

76
Q

What are the products of spermatogonia undergoing mitosis?

A

Ad spermatogonium and Ap spermatogonium

77
Q

What is the function of ad spermatogonium?

A

To maintain stock

78
Q

What is an alternative name for Ap spermatogonium?

A

Primary spermatocytes

79
Q

What happens to primary spermatocytes to give spermatids?

A

Divide by meiosis to give secondary spermatocytes and then to spermatids

80
Q

What happens to the 4 haploid spermatids from each primary spermatocyte?

A

Differentiate by spermigenesis (cytodifferentiation) into spermatozoa

81
Q

Where does spermatogenesis take place?

A

Seminiferous tubules of the testis

82
Q

What splits the testis into the basal and adluminal compartments?

A

Tight junctions between Sertoli cells (blood testis/Sertoli cell barrier)

83
Q

What is the purpose of the blood testis/Sertoli cell barrier?

A

Separate hormones needed for maturation and surface markers on gametes that could stimulate an immune response (as they are not self)

84
Q

What is the function of the rete testis?

A

Concentrate sperm

85
Q

What is the function of the head of epididymis in spermatogenesis?

A

Final maturation and storage for 2-3 months

86
Q

Describe the pathway of sperm in the testes.

A

Seminiferous tubules –> rete testis –> ductili efferentes –> head of epididymis

87
Q

What is the spermatogenic cycle?

A

Time taken for reappearance of the same stage of spermatogenesis within a given segment of seminiferous tubule

88
Q

What is the spermatogenic wave?

A

Distance between the same stage of spermatogenesis in a seminiferous tubule

89
Q

What causes the spermatogenic wave?

A

Each stage of spermatogenesis follows in an orderly sequence along the length of the seminiferous tubule

90
Q

What is spermiation?

A

Spermatids moving into the lumen of seminiferous tubules

91
Q

What happens to spermatids as they travel through the testis?

A

Remodelled

92
Q

How are spermatids transported?

A

Sertoli cell secretions and peristaltic contraction up until epididymis where they become motile

93
Q

Where is the energy for spermigenesis mainly derived from?

A

Fructose

94
Q

What are the origins of the different components of semen?

A

Seminal vesicle secretions (~70%)
Secretions of prostate (~25%)
Sperm via vas deferens (2-5%)
Bulbourethral/Cowper gland secretions (

95
Q

What is found in seminal vesicle secretions?

A

A.a., citrate, fructose and prostaglandins

96
Q

What is found in secretions of the prostate in semen?

A

Proteolytic enzymes and zinc

97
Q

How many sperm are released from the vas deferens per ejaculate?

A

~200-500 million

98
Q

What is the function of mucoproteins found in bulbourethral/Cowper gland secretions?

A

Help lubricate and neutralise acidic urine in the distal urethra

99
Q

What is sperm capacitation?

A

Conditions of femal genital tract allowing sperm to become fertile

100
Q

What occurs in sperm capacitation?

A

Removal of glycoproteins and cholesterol, activation of sperm signalling pathways and acrosome reaction on binding with zona pellucid a

101
Q

What is used in the sperm signalling pathway?

A

Atypical soluble adenylyl cyclase and PKA

102
Q

What happens when the first sperm binds to the zona pellucida?

A

Initiation of calcium wave to prevent polyspermy

103
Q

What must sperm be incubated in for human IVF?

A

Capacitation media

104
Q

When has the female developed her entire stock of gamete potentials?

A

Before birth

105
Q

What do germ cells differentiate into once they have colonised the primitive gonad in the female?

A

Oogonia

106
Q

Where are the oogonia found?

A

Near the surface epithelium of the ovary

107
Q

How do oogonia become primary oocytes?

A

Enter meiosis and arrest in prophase I

108
Q

What happens to the majority of oogonia in the developing ovary?

A

Proliferate by mitosis to be arranged in clusters surrounded by flat epithelial cells

109
Q

What happens in the female ovary at mid-gestation?

A

Maximum number of germ cells has been reached and many oogonia and primary oocytes undergo atresia

110
Q

What has happened by the 7th month of gestation in the ovary?

A

Majority of oogonia have degenerated, ~2 million primary oocytes have entered meiosis I and are individually surrounded by flat epithelial cells to from primordial follicles

111
Q

What happens to primordial follicles in the ovary?

A

Remain arrested (diplotene stage) until puberty

112
Q

How many oocytes usually pass through the3 stages of maturation before only 1 or 2 are released by ovulation?

A

15-20

113
Q

What are the 3 stages of oocyte maturation?

A

Pre-antral, Antral stage and preovulatory stage

114
Q

What happens during the preantral stage of oocyte maturation?

A

Primordial follicles begin to grow, follicular cells become cuboidal and proliferate, stratified epithelium of granulosa cells is formed and the granulosa cells secrete the zona pellucida onto the oocyte

115
Q

What happens during the Antral stage of oocyte maturation?

A

Fluid filled spaces appear between granulosa cells and coalesce to form the antrum, granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte (cumulus oophorus) nurse ovum

116
Q

How many follicles begin to develop with each ovarian cycle?

A

Several

117
Q

Which cells in the developing follicle express LH receptors?

A

Theca interna and granulosa

118
Q

What causes the preovulatory stage of oocyte maturation?

A

LH surge

119
Q

What happens in the preovulatory stage of oocyte maturation?

A

Meiosis I is completed, cell enters meiosis II but arrests in metaphase ~3 hours before ovulation and will only be completed if the oocyte is fertilised, otherwise it degenerates 24 hrs after ovulation

120
Q

What forms the first and second polar bodies in the preovulatory stage of oocyte maturation?

A

Meiosis I and II respectively

121
Q

What happens to the polar bodies formed during oogenesis?

A

Reabsorbed

122
Q

What stimulates rapid follicular growth several days before ovulation?

A

FSH and LH

123
Q

What is the Graafian follicle?

A

Mature follicle of ~2.5 cm diameter

124
Q

What are the consequences of the LH surge on ovulation?

A

Increases collagenase activity, prostaglandins increase the LH response and cause local ovarian wall contractions

125
Q

What forms the corpus luteum?

A

Remaining granulosa and theca interna cells after ovulation that become vascularised and luteinised

126
Q

What is the action of the corpus luteum?

A

Secrete oestrogens and progesterone to stimulate uterine mucosa to enter secretory stage in preparation for embryo implantation

127
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilisation does not occur?

A

Dies and is reabsorbed by the ovary after 14 days forming fibrotic scar tissue (corpus albicans) that decreases progesterone precipitating menstrual bleeding

128
Q

How is oocyte transport achieved?

A

Fimbriae sweeping over ovary before ovulation, rhythmic contraction of uterine tube and motion of cilia in epithelial lining

129
Q

How long does it take an oocyte to travel from the ovary to the uterine lumen?

A

3/4 days

130
Q

What happened to the corpus luteum if the oocyte is fertilised?

A

hCG secreted by embryo prevents its degeneration allowing it to grow into the corpus luteum graviditatis that continues to secrete progesterone until the placenta takes over ~month 4

131
Q

Where does the last stage of meiosis II in oogenesis occur?

A

Oviduct

Semester 4 (33 decks)

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