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Semester 4 > Head And Neck Session 9 > Flashcards

Head And Neck Session 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the oral vestibule?

A

Slit-like space between the teeth, gingiviae, lips and cheeks

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2
Q

What peri-oral muscles control the oral fissure?

A

Orbicularis oris, buccinator, risoris, depressors and elevators of the lips

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3
Q

What is gingiva?

A

Fibrous tissue covered with mucous membrane that reflects in the alveolar sockets with the periosteum

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4
Q

How does gingiva proper appear?

A

Pink, stippled and keratinized

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5
Q

How does the alveolar mucosa appear?

A

Shiny, red and non-keratinised

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6
Q

What do the lips contain?

A

Orbicularis oris, superior and inferior labial muscles, vessels and nerves

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7
Q

What is the labial frenulum?

A

Free-edged fold of mucous membrane in the midline from the vestibular gingiva to mucosa of upper and lower lips

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8
Q

Which labial frenulum is longer?

A

Superior

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9
Q

What provides blood supply to the upper lip?

A

Facial and infra-orbital arteries

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10
Q

What gives arterial supply to the lower lip?

A

Facial and mental arteries

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11
Q

Where are buccal glands found?

A

Between buccinator and mucous membrane

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12
Q

Where are the buccal fat pads?

A

Superficial to buccinator

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13
Q

Why are the buccal fat pads larger in infants?

A

To prevent cheeks from collapsing during suckling

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14
Q

What is the vermillion border?

A

Change in epithelium from highly to less keratinised to continue with labial mucosa

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15
Q

How many generations of dentition do humans have?

A

2

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16
Q

What are the primary/deciduous teeth?

A

20 small teeth that erupt from 6 months to 3 years

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17
Q

At what age do the deciduous teeth exfoliate?

A

6 y.o.

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18
Q

What replaces the deciduous teeth after exfoliation?

A

Secondary/permanent

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19
Q

Describe the secondary/permanent teeth.

A

32, do not regenerate

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20
Q

Where do permanent teeth remain dormant if the overlying primary tooth is not lost?

A

Alveolar bone

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21
Q

What is the term used for the internal surface of maxillary teeth?

A

Palatal surface

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22
Q

What is the term used for the internal surface of mandibular teeth?

A

Lingual surface

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23
Q

What are the teeth anchored in?

A

Alveolar processes of maxilla and mandible

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24
Q

How are the secondary/permanent teeth named?

A

Central incisor, lateral incisor, canine (cuspid), 1st and 2nd premolars (bicuspid), 1st, 2nd and 3rd molars

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25
Q

What is the colloquial name for the 3rd molars?

A

Wisdom teeth

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26
Q

What is the major structural difference between gingiva proper and alveolar mucosa?

A

Gingiva proper is firmly attached to the underlying structure, alveolar mucosa is free

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27
Q

What gives arterial supply to the teeth?

A

Superior and inferior alveolar arteries from maxillary

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28
Q

What gives venous drainage to the teeth?

A

Alveolar veins that follow arteries

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29
Q

Where does lymph from the teeth and gingiviae drain?

A

Submandibular lymph nodes

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30
Q

What is the oral cavity proper?

A

Space between upper and lower dental arcades, palate and oropharynx

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31
Q

What is the oral cavity occupied by when the mouth is closed and at rest?

A

Tongue

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32
Q

What anatomical feature marks the start of the oropharynx?

A

Junction of hard and soft palate

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33
Q

What are the components of the hard palate?

A

Palatine process of maxilla, lateral and medial pterygoid plates, pterygoid hamulus, vomer and choanae

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34
Q

What becomes the maxilla after ossification?

A

Lateral palatine process

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35
Q

What fuses in the foetus to form the palatine raphe?

A

Median and lateral palatine processes with nasal septum

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36
Q

What is found at the anterior end of the palatine raphe?

A

Incisive fossa

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37
Q

What muscles make up the soft palate?

A

M. levator palatini, m. uvulae, m. tensor veil palatini, m. palato glossus, m. palato pharyngeus

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38
Q

Which muscles forms the anterior/palatoglossal arch?

A

M. palato glossus

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39
Q

What muscles forms the posterior/palatopharyngeal arch?

A

M. palato pharyngeus

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40
Q

Where does the soft palate attach to the hard palate?

A

At the anterior border of the choanae, just posterior to the great and lesser palatine foramina

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41
Q

Where does m. tensor veli palatini attach?

A

Pterygoid hamulus

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42
Q

Why does the uvula deviate away from the side of lesion?

A

All except m. tensor veli palatini are innervated by the vagus nerve so a lesion causes unopposed muscle action away from affected side

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43
Q

What gives blood supply to the hard and soft palates?

A

Greater, lesser and ascending palatine arteries

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44
Q

What gives venous drainage to the hard and soft palates?

A

Pterygoid venous plexus

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45
Q

What gives sensory innervation to the gingiviae, mucous membranes and glands of the hard palate?

A

Greater palatine artery

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46
Q

What gives sensory innervation to the mucous membranes of the anterior hard palate?

A

Nasopalatine nerve

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47
Q

What gives sensory innervation to the soft palate?

A

Lesser palatine nerve

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48
Q

Where does the duct of the parotid gland open?

A

Buccal mucosa opposite 2nd molar

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49
Q

Where do the submandibular glands empty?

A

Papilla each side of the frenulum

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50
Q

How are the sublingual glands drained?

A

Via several ducts through lots of papillae

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51
Q

What vein is visible on the sublingual surface of the tongue?

A

Deep lingual

52
Q

What divides the tongue into its root and body?

A

Terminal sulcus

53
Q

What are the 4 types of lingual papillae?

A

Valate, foliate, filiform, fungiform

54
Q

Which lingual papillae are sensitive to touch?

A

Filiform

55
Q

What is the foramen cecum?

A

Non-functional embryological remnant of the thyroglossal duct marking the middle of the terminal sulcus

56
Q

Is the pharyngeal part of the tongue visible on inspection?

A

Not without a mirror or tongue depressor

57
Q

What lymphoid tissue is found in the root of the tongue?

A

Lymphoid nodules of lingual tonsil

58
Q

What does the midline groove of the tongue overlie?

A

The lingual septum

59
Q

What forms the anterior wall of the oropharynx?

A

Pharyngeal part of tongue

60
Q

What gives motor innervation to the tongue?

A

CNXII

61
Q

What gives general and special sensory innervation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

CNIX

62
Q

What gives general sensory innervation to the anterior 2/3 of tongue?

A

CNV

63
Q

What gives special sensory innervation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

CNVII

64
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

Styloglossus, hyoglossus and genioglossus

65
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

Superior longitudinal, vertical, transverse, inferior and longitudinal (named according to muscle fibre direction)

66
Q

What action do the superior longitudinal fibres of the tongue have?

A

Pull the sides of the tongue up

67
Q

What is the action of the longitudinal muscles fibres of the tongue?

A

Pull the sides of the tongue down

68
Q

Why does the tongue deviate towards the side of lesion?

A

Unopposed push

69
Q

Where should you look for uvula deviation?

A

At the base

70
Q

What forms Waldeyer’s ring?

A

Adenoid, tubal, palatine and lingual tonsils

71
Q

Where does exudate accumulate in tonsilitis?

A

Crypts of palatine tonsils

72
Q

Where are the tubal tonsils found?

A

End of the Eustachian tube

73
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils located?

A

Between anterior and posterior arches

74
Q

What can cause uvula deviation other than nerve lesion?

A

Peritonsillar abscess

75
Q

What type of joint is the TMJ?

A

Modified hinge-type synovial

76
Q

What forms the TMJ?

A

Mandibular fossa, articular tubercle and head of mandible all covered in fibro cartilage

77
Q

What splits the TMJ joint into two cavities?

A

Articular disc

78
Q

What lines the 2 cavities of the TMJ?

A

Superior and inferior synovial membranes

79
Q

What forms the superior cavity of the TMJ?

A

Temporal bone and upper part of articular disc

80
Q

What forms the inferior cavity of the TMJ?

A

Mandibular condyle and inferior aspect of articular disc

81
Q

What shapes does the articular disc have?

A

Upper surface is concavo-convex and lower surface is concave. Thinner centrally than at edge

82
Q

Why is the capsule surrounding the TMJ relatively thin and loose?

A

Allow for movement

83
Q

What ligaments are found at the TMJ?

A

Lateral, 2 medial, sphenomandibular and stylomandibular

84
Q

Which ligament of the TMJ is the strongest?

A

Lateral

85
Q

Describe the structure of the lateral ligament of the TMJ.

A

Zygoma –> neck and ramus of mandible with deep fibres blending with the joint capsule

86
Q

Describe the structure of the sphenomandibular ligament.

A

Spine of sphenoid –> lingula

87
Q

How does the sphenomandibular ligament prevent inferior dislocation of the TMJ?

A

Keeps a constant length and tension at all mandibular positions

88
Q

Describe the structure of the stylomandibular ligament.

A

Styloid process –> posterior ramus of mandible as an extension of the deep parotid fascia

89
Q

Which two structures does the stylomandibular ligament separate?

A

Parotid and submandibular glands

90
Q

Does the stylomandibular ligament contribute significantly to the strength of the TMJ?

A

No

91
Q

What does movement of the TMJ require?

A

Displacement of the mandible

92
Q

What movements can the TMJ carry out?

A

Translation (gliding), rotation (pivoting), elevation, depression, retraction and protrusion

93
Q

Which cavity of the TMJ is responsible for translational movement?

A

Superior cavity

94
Q

Which cavity of the TMJ facilitates rotation of the joint?

A

Inferior

95
Q

What stabilises the jaw when closed?

A

Mandibular condyle into mandibular fossa and action of teeth

96
Q

Where does the majority of force pass through during chewing?

A

Teeth

97
Q

What prevents posterior dislocation of the jaw?

A

Posterior glenoid tubercle

98
Q

What prevents anterior dislocation of the jaw?

A

Articular tubercle

99
Q

What prevents inferior dislocation of the jaw?

A

Spheno- and stylomandibular ligaments

100
Q

What muscles are involved in closing the mouth?

A

Temporalis acting at the superior cavity and temporalis, masseter and medial pterygoid acting at the inferior cavity

101
Q

What allows protrusion of the mandible?

A

Lateral pterygoid acting the superior cavity

102
Q

What allows depression of the mandible?

A

Digastric acting at the inferior cavity

103
Q

Is digastric a prime mover of the mandible?

A

No

104
Q

What is the infratemporal fossa?

A

Irregularly shaped space deep and inferior to the zygomatic arch, below middle cranial fossa, deep to the ramus of the mandible and posterior to the maxilla

105
Q

How does the infratemporal fossa communicate with the temporal fossa?

A

Through interval between zygomatic arch and cranial bones

106
Q

What forms the roof of the infratemporal fossa?

A

Greater wing of sphenoid

107
Q

What forms the medial border of the infratemporal fossa?

A

Lateral pterygoid and plate of sphenoid

108
Q

What forms the posterior border of the infratemporal fossa?

A

Carotid sheath

109
Q

What forms the lateral border of the infratemporal fossa?

A

Ramus of mandible

110
Q

What forms the floor of the infratemporal fossa?

A

Medial pterygoid muscle

111
Q

What forms the anterior border of the infratemporal fossa?

A

Psterior surface of maxilla

112
Q

What are the muscular contents of the infratemporal fossa?

A

Inferior temporalis, inferior parts of medial and lateral pterygoid

113
Q

What is the venous contents of the infratemporal fossa?

A

Pterygoid venous plexus, maxillary vein and MMV

114
Q

What are the arterial contents of the infratemporal fossa?

A

Maxillary artery becoming MMA

115
Q

How does the MMA exit the infratemporal fossa?

A

Foramen spinosum

116
Q

Which artery runs next to the infratemporal fossa to supply the scalp?

A

Superficial temporal

117
Q

What are the nerve contents of the infratemporal fossa?

A

Mandibular nerve and its branches, chorda tympani and parasympathetic fibres from Otic ganglion

118
Q

How does the mandibular nerve exit the infratemporal fossa?

A

Through foramen ovale

119
Q

What are the branches of the mandibular nerve found in the infratemporal fossa?

A

Auriculotemporal, buccal, lingual and inferior alveolar

120
Q

Which two fissures are found in the infratemporal fossa?

A

Inferior orbital and pterygomaxillary

121
Q

What canal is found in the infratemporal fossa?

A

Alveolar

122
Q

How does a mandibular nerve block give a wide area of regional anaesthesia in the oral region?

A

Anaesthetic infiltrates mandibular nerve upon entry to the infratemporal fossa causing anaesthesia of its branches

123
Q

How can either side of the mandibular teeth and lower lip be anaesthetised?

A

Inferior alveolar nerve block where anaesthetic is injected into the mandibular foramen

124
Q

Which branch of the mandibular nerve does the chorda tympani travel with?

A

Lingual

125
Q

Which branch of the mandibular nerve do the parasympathetic fibres supplying the parotid gland travel in association with?

A

Auriculotemporal

Semester 4 (33 decks)

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