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Semester 4 > HaDSoc Session 4 > Flashcards

HaDSoc Session 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are lay beliefs based on?

A

What happens to those around a person and themselves over their life course e.g. things they’ve read, TV, culture, social norm

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2
Q

Why do lay beliefs have to be considered?

A

Potential gaps between lay and medical concepts so same terms used have difference in understanding; impact on behaviour; impact on compliance

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3
Q

What is the negative definition perception of health?

A

Health equates to the absence of illness

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4
Q

In which group is a negative definition perception of health more commonly seen?

A

Lower SES

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5
Q

What is the functional definition of health perception?

A

Health is the ability to do certain things

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6
Q

What group of the population commonly uses a functional definition of health perception?

A

Elderly

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7
Q

What is the positive definition of health perception?

A

Health is a state of wellbeing and fitness that can be worked towards and maintained

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8
Q

Which population group more commonly uses a positive definition of health perception?

A

Higher SES

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9
Q

What might happen if medical information is incompatible with competing ideas for which people believe there is good evidence?

A

Info rejected or synthesis of new knowledge may be altered to fit but then it does not quite correlate with original information

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10
Q

What factors impact a person’s wider social and cultural perceptions of health?

A

How much control they think they can assert over their health, how much control they can assert on everyday life

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11
Q

What is candidacy in lay beliefs of health?

A

Identify risk factors for a disease depending on personal, familial and social sources of knowledge

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12
Q

What does the ‘Uncle Norman’ explanation in lay epidemiology explain?

A

Find exceptions to candidacy leading to a reliance on randomness and fate

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13
Q

Why is there a general reluctance to accept an explanation for illness that rests on personal behaviours?

A

Easier to believe it is out of your control

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14
Q

What is a positive health behaviour?

A

Activity undertaken for the purpose of maintaining health and preventing illness

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15
Q

How does the positive definition of health explain why higher SES have lower rates of smoking?

A

Incentives more evident for those who can expect to stay fit and healthy so quitting is a rational choice

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16
Q

How does the negative perception of health explain why smoking rates are higher in lower SES?

A

Incentives to quit less clear and focus on improving immediate environment and engaging in normalised behaviour so smoking is rational

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17
Q

What is illness behaviour?

A

Activity of an ill person to define illness and seek solution

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18
Q

What is the symptom/illness iceberg?

A

Explanation that most symptoms never get to a doctor as 50% of people with a symptom will not seek advice

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19
Q

What factors lead to the development of the illness iceberg?

A

Stoical culture, visibility/salience of S/S, disruption to life, ref quench and persistence of symptoms, lay-referral, availability of resources, information and resources, tolerance threshold

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20
Q

What is sick role behaviour?

A

Formal response to symptoms that includes seeking formal help and action of a person as a pt

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21
Q

What is lay referral?

A

Chain of advice seeking contacts sick people make with other lay people prior to OR INSTEAD of seeking help

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22
Q

What inhibits help-seeking in lay referral?

A

Powerful social sanctioning of hypochondriac behaviours

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23
Q

What do people base the choice of when to seek medical advice on?

A

Symptom experience, symptom evaluation, knowledge of disease and Tx, experience of and attitudes towards HCPs

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24
Q

What are lay beliefs?

A

How people understand and make sense of health and illness without specialised knowledge

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25
Q

What symptom experience leads to early presentation?

A

Significant and rapid onset

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26
Q

Why do insidious onset symptoms lead to delayed presentations?

A

Pt develops explanations for S/S with previous activities until this becomes inadequate

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27
Q

How does the knowledge of a disease and its treatment delay presentation?

A

Pts has trouble interpreting symptoms, tries to self-manage, doesn’t recognise variation in symptoms, is an atypical sufferer, experiences an unfamiliar outcome

28
Q

What are ‘deniers’ and ‘distancers’?

A

Deniers: deny condition
Distancers: deny having proper condition
Both despite formal diagnosis

29
Q

How do deniers and distancers manage their condition?

A

Use complex strategies to hides S/S and claim they do not impact on everyday life. Don’t take medication or attend clinics

30
Q

Why do ‘deniers’ and ‘distancers’ not take treatment or attend clinics?

A

Tx relies on accepting identity

31
Q

Describe ‘accepters’ when considering lay beliefs.

A

Accept diagnosis and Dr’s advice completely, proactively control S/S with Tx as part of everyday life and without stigma

32
Q

Describe ‘pragmatists’ when considering lay beliefs.

A

Accept diagnosis but manage as a series of acute episodes, using Tx in relation to severity

33
Q

Why do ‘pragmatists’ not use preventative therapy?

A

Use Tx in relation to severity

34
Q

What is medication behaviour tied to?

A

Beliefs about condition, social circumstances, threat to identity

35
Q

Give some examples of determinants of health.

A

Culture, physical environment, socio-economic environment, mass media, behaviour and coping skills, genetics

36
Q

What does ‘The Health Career’ diagram show?

A

Individuals are unlikely to be able to directly control many of the determinants of health

37
Q

How has health promotion evolved over time?

A

From reforming physical environment (sanitation) to health education (individual health behaviours) to health promotion (social and political aspects)

38
Q

What is health promotion?

A

Process of enabling people to increase control over and improve health emphasising social and personal resources as well as physical capacities

39
Q

What are the principles of health promotion?

A

Empowering, participatory, holistic, intersectoral, equitable, sustainable, multi-strategy

40
Q

What are the structural critiques of health promotion?

A

Material conditions lead to ill health being marginalised and focus on individual responsibility leading to blame

41
Q

What are surveillance critiques of health promotion?

A

Concerns with increasing monitoring and regulating of the population (nanny-state)

42
Q

What are consumption critiques of health promotion?

A

Lifestyle choices are tied with identity construction e.g. Health promotion favours higher SES

43
Q

What are the five approaches to health promotion?

A

Medical/preventative, behaviour change, educational, empowerment, social change

44
Q

How can social change be used in health promotion?

A

Make behaviour the deviant norm e.g. Smoking ban

45
Q

What is primary prevention?

A

Prevent onset of disease/injury by decreasing exposure to risk factors

46
Q

Give some examples of primary prevention of disease.

A

Immunisation, avoid environmental risk factors, take appropriate precautions re communicable disease, decrease risk from health related behaviours

47
Q

What is secondary prevention of disease?

A

Detect and that disease/risk factors early to prevent progression

48
Q

Give some examples of secondary disease prevention.

A

Screening, mentoring and treating hypertension, statins

49
Q

What is tertiary disease prevention?

A

Minimising effects of an established disease

50
Q

Give some examples of tertiary disease prevention.

A

Maximising remaining capabilities of disabled, renal transplant, skills training in cerebral palsy

51
Q

What are the dilemmas in health promotion?

A

Ethics of interfering in people’s lives, victim blaming, fallacy of empowerment, reinforcing of negative stereotypes, unequal distribution of responsibility, The Prevention Paradox

52
Q

What are the ethical implications of health promotion interfering in people’s lives?

A

Increased anxiety if health promotion met by feeling of powerlessness, rights and choices impeded

53
Q

Why is victim blaming a problem in health promotion?

A

Focus on individual behaviour change plays down the wider SE and environmental factors

54
Q

What is ‘fallacy of empowerment’?

A

Giving people information does not give them power and can be die powering if circumstances create constraints on choice of behaviour

55
Q

How does the fallacy of empowerment account for unhealthy lifestyles?

A

Due to adverse circumstances and wider SE factors, not ignorance

56
Q

What is the argument for unequal distribution of responsibility in health promotion?

A

Implementing healthy behaviours in family often left to women

57
Q

What is The Prevention Paradox?

A

Interventions effective at population level might not have much effect on an individual

58
Q

How is The Prevention Paradox linked with lay beliefs?

A

If people don’t see themselves as a candidate they may not respond to health promotion messages, especially if they have an awareness of anomalies/randomness of disease

59
Q

Why is evaluation of health promotion necessary?

A

To provide evidence base, accountability and as an ethical obligation to ensure no direct/indirect harm and allow for management and development of programme

60
Q

What different methods of evaluation can be used for health promotion?

A

Process/formative/illuminative; impact; outcome

61
Q

How do process/formative/illuminative evaluations of health promotion work?

A

Wide range of mainly qualitative methods assess how intervention is being put into place

62
Q

How does measuring impact evaluate health promotion?

A

Assesses immediate effects of intervention

63
Q

How does measuring outcome evaluate health promotion?

A

Measures long-term consequences to see what is achieved by intervention

64
Q

How does timing influence evaluation of health promotion by outcome?

A

Delay: some interventions take a long time to act. Decay: some interventions wear off rapidly

65
Q

What are the difficulties in evaluating health promotion?

A

Intervention design e.g. Multi-strategy, possible lag time, potential confounders, high financial cost due to timescale

Semester 4 (33 decks)

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