5 Axial Skeleton Flashcards
(359 cards)
1
Q
how can the Axial skeleton be divided?
A
skull
vertebral column
thoracic cage
2
Q
What are the sets of bones the skull is formed by?
A
Cranium
Facial bones
3
Q
Cranium
A
part of the skull; encloses and protects the fragile brain tissue
4
Q
part of the skull; encloses and protects the fragile brain tissue
A
Cranium
5
Q
facial bones
A
part of the skull; hold the eyes in an anterior position; allow facial muscles to show expressions
6
Q
part of the skull; hold the eyes in an anterior position; allow facial muscles to show expressions
A
facial bones
7
Q
what are all but one of the bones of the skull joined together by?
A
sutures
8
Q
sutures
A
interlocking, immovable joints
9
Q
interlocking, immovable joints
A
sutures
10
Q
what bone of the skull isn’t joined by a suture?
A
mandible; attached to the rest of the skull by a freely movable joint
11
Q
Bones of the cranium: how many & single or double?
A
8 bones
2 paired; 4 single
12
Q
Bones of the Cranium
A
Frontal Parietal - 2 Temporal - 2 Occipital Sphenoid Ethmoid
13
Q
Calvaria
A
skull cap; upper part of Cranium
14
Q
skull cap; upper part of Cranium
A
Calvaria
15
Q
Frontal Bone
A
anterior portion of the cranium; forms the anterior part of the cranial floor; forms the forehead, the bony projections under the eyebrows, and the superior part of each eye’s orbit
16
Q
Parietal bones
A
The pair form most of the superior and lateral walls of the cranium. They meet in the midline of the skull at the sagittal suture and form the coronal suture, where they meet the frontal bone.
17
Q
forms the forehead, the bony projections under the eyebrows, and the superior part of each eye’s orbit
A
Frontal bone
18
Q
The pair form most of the superior and lateral walls of the cranium.
A
Parietal bones
19
Q
They meet in the midline of the skull at the sagittal suture
A
Parietal bones
20
Q
form the coronal suture, where they meet the frontal bone
A
Parietal bones
21
Q
Temporal Bones
A
lie inferior to the parietal bones; they join them at the squamous sutures
22
Q
lie inferior to the parietal bones
A
temporal bones
23
Q
they join the parietal bones at the squamous sutures
A
temporal bones
24
Q
forms the anterior part of the cranial floor
A
frontal bone
25
anterior portion of the cranium
frontal bone
26
posterior and lateral to the frontal bone
parietal bones
27
form the sides of the cranium
parietal bones
28
sagittal suture
the suture at the midline of the skull where the two parietal bones meet
29
midline of the skull where the two parietal bones meet
sagittal suture
30
coronal suture
the suture formed where the two parietal bones meet the frontal bone
31
formed where the two parietal bones meet the frontal bone
coronal suture
32
lie superior to the temporal bones
parietal bones
33
important bone markings on the temporal bone
```
external acoustic meatus
styloid process
zygomatic process
mastoid process
jugular foramen
internal acoustic meatus
carotid canal
```
34
external acoustic meatus
canal on temporal bone leading to eardrum and middle ear; route by which sound enters the ear;
35
canal leading to eardrum and middle ear
external acoustic meatus
36
route by which sound enters the ear
external acoustic meatus
37
styloid process
needle-like projection of temporal bone; just inferior to the external auditory meatus; many neck muscles use as an attachment point
38
needle-like projection of temporal bone
styloid process
39
projection just inferior to the external auditory meatus
styloid process
40
many neck muscles use these parts of temporal bone as attachment points
styloid process
| mastoid process
41
zygomatic process
thin bridge-like projection on the temporal bone that joins the cheekbone anteriorly;
42
thin bridge-like projection on the temporal bone that joins the cheekbone anteriorly;
zygomatic process
43
together these two bones form the zygomatic arch
zygomatic process of the temporal bone
| zygomatic bone
44
mastoid process
rough projection of the temporal bone posterior and inferior to the external acoustic meatus; provides an attachment site for some muscles of the neck; high-risk spot for infection, used to drill in to drain when infected
45
rough projection of the temporal bone posterior and inferior to the external acoustic meatus
mastoid process
46
high-risk spot for infection on the temporal bone; used to drill in to drain when infected
mastoid process
47
jugular foramen
opening on the temporal bone medial to the styloid process; at the junction of the occipital and temporal bones; allows for the passage of the jugular vein and cranial nerves
48
opening on the temporal bone medial to the styloid process; at the junction of the occipital and temporal bones
jugular foramen
49
allows for the passage of the jugular vein and cranial nerves
jugular foramen
50
jugular vein
the largest vein in the head; drains the brain; passes through the jugular foramen on the temporal bone
51
the largest vein in the head; drains the brain; passes through the jugular foramen on the temporal bone
jugular vein
52
internal acoustic meatus
opening on posterior aspect of temporal bone; just anterior to the jugular foramen in the cranial cavity; allows cranial (facial) nerves to pass
53
opening on posterior aspect of temporal bone; just anterior to the jugular foramen in the cranial cavity; allows cranial (facial) nerves to pass
internal acoustic meatus
54
carotid canal
opening on the temporal bone medial to the styloid process and anterior to the jugular foramen; allows the internal carotid artery to enter the cranial cavity, supplying blood to most of the brain
55
opening on the temporal bone medial to the styloid process and anterior to the jugular foramen
carotid canal
56
allows the internal carotid artery to enter the cranial cavity, supplying blood to most of the brain
carotid canal
57
occipital bone
the most posterior bone of the cranium; forms the base and back wall of the skull; joins the sphenoid bone anteriorly
58
the most posterior bone of the cranium
occipital bone
59
forms the base and back wall of the skull
occipital bone
60
joins the sphenoid bone anteriorly
occipital bone
61
where the occipital bone joins the parietal bones anteriorly
lambdoid suture
62
lambdoid suture
where the occipital bone joins the parietal bones anteriorly
63
foramen magnum
large opening in the base of the occipital bone; surrounds the lower part of the brain and allows the spinal cord to join with the brain
64
large opening in the base of the occipital bone
foramen magnum
65
surrounds the lower part of the brain and allows the spinal cord to join with the brain
foramen magnum
66
occipital condyles
rounded projections of the occipital bone lateral to the foramen magnum on each side; rest on the first cervical vertebra of the spinal column (atlas)
67
rounded projections of the occipital bone lateral to the foramen magnum on each side
occipital condyles
68
rest on the first cervical vertebra of the spinal column (atlas)
occipital condyles
69
sphenoid bone
butterfly-shaped bone; spans the width of the skull and forms part of the floor of the cranial cavity; portion of which seen exteriorly on the lateral aspect of the skull, anterior to the temporal bones
70
butterfly-shaped bone; spans the width of the skull and forms part of the floor of the cranial cavity
sphenoid bone
71
sella turcica
"turk's saddle" saddle shaped region in the sphenoid midline; forms a snug enclose for the pituitary gland
72
"turk's saddle" saddle shaped region in the sphenoid midline
sella turcica
73
forms a snug enclose for the pituitary gland
sella turcica
74
greater wings of the sphenoid bone
portions of the sphenoid seen exteriorly on the lateral aspect of the skull, anterior to the temporal bones; form part of the orbits of the eyes; have two important openings: optic canal and superior orbital fissure
75
portions of the sphenoid seen exteriorly on the lateral aspect of the skull
greater wings of the sphenoid bone
76
anterior to the temporal bones;also form part of the posteroir orbits of the eyes
greater wings of the sphenoid bone
77
foramen ovale
large oval opening in the sphenoid bone; in line with the posterior end of the sella turcica; allows fibers of cranial nerve V to pass to the chewing muscles of the lower jaw (mandible)
78
large oval opening in the sphenoid bone; in line with the posterior end of the sella turcica
foramen ovale
79
allows fibers of cranial nerve V to pass to the chewing muscles of the lower jaw (mandible)
foramen ovale
80
have two important openings: optic canal and superior orbital fissure
greater wings of the sphenoid bone
81
where do you see the sphenoid bone externally?
forming part of the eye orbits and anterior two the temporal bones
82
seen externally forming part of the eye orbits and anterior two the temporal bones
sphenoid bone
83
optic canal
opening in the sphenoid bone seen externally through the eye orbit; allows the optic nerve to pass to the eye
84
opening in the sphenoid bone seen externally through the eye orbit; allows the optic nerve to pass to the eye
optic canal
85
superior orbital fissure
slit-like opening in the sphenoid bone seen externally through the eye orbit; allows the cranial nerves controlling eye movement to pass
86
slit-like openings in the sphenoid bone seen externally through the eye orbit
superior orbital fissure
| inferior orbital fissure
87
allows the cranial nerves controlling eye movement to pass
superior orbital fissure
88
inferior orbital fissure
slit-like opening in the sphenoid bone seen externally through the eye orbit; formed by inferior edge of greater wings of sphenoid bone and superior edges of maxillae
89
slit-like opening in the sphenoid bone seen externally through the eye orbit; formed by inferior edge of greater wing of sphenoid bone and superior edge of maxilla
inferior orbital fissure
90
sphenoidal sinuses
the air cavities riddling the central part of the sphenoid bone
91
the air cavities riddling the central part of the sphenoid bone
sphenoidal sinuses
92
ethmoid bone
irregularly shaped bone anterior to the sphenoid; forms the roof of the nasal cavity, upper nasal septum, and part of the medial walls of the orbits
93
irregularly shaped bone anterior to the sphenoid
ethmoid bone
94
forms the roof of the nasal cavity, upper nasal septum, and part of the medial walls of the orbits
ethmoid bone
95
crista galli
"cock's comb;" vertical projection of the ethmoid bone to which the dura mater (outermost covering of brain) attaches
96
vertical projection of the ethmoid bone to which the dura mater (outermost covering of brain) attaches
crista galli
97
cribriform plates
Part of ethmoid bone; bony plates on the with many small holes; lateral to the crista galli; allow the olfactory fibers (smell receptors) to pass to the brain from the nasal mucosa
98
bony plates with many small holes; lateral to the crista galli; part of ethmoid
cribriform plates
99
allow the olfactory fibers (smell receptors) to pass to the brain from the nasal mucosa
cribriform plates
100
each bone in the calvarium is named for what?
the corresponding lobe of the cerebrum (largest part of brain); the frontal bone protects the frontal lobe, the parietal bones protect the parietal lobes...
101
calvarium bones that have openings that connect the structures of the inner and outer ears
temporal bones
102
cranium bones that protect the underside of the brain
ethmoid bone
| sphenoid bone
103
keystone bone
sphenoid: forms cranium floor and connects to all skull bones
104
supports the olfactory bulb (terminus of the olfactory nerve)
the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
105
the frontal bone articulates with how many other bones?
12
| 10 of which are facial
106
superior and middle nasal conchae
thin, delicately coiled plates of bone extending medially from the ethmoid into the nasal cavity; form part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity; increase the turbulence of air flowing through the nasal passages, increase the surface area of the mucosa that covers them which increases the ability to warm and humidify incoming air
107
thin, delicately coiled plates of bone extending medially from the ethmoid into the nasal cavity
superior and middle nasal conchae
108
increase the turbulence of air flowing through the nasal passages, increase the surface area of the mucosa that covers them which increases the ability to warm and humidify incoming air
superior and middle nasal conchae
109
form part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
superior and middle nasal conchae
110
facial bones: about
14 bones; 12 paired; form the base of the muscles of the face; allow us to show feeling and chew food;
111
14 bones; 12 paired; form the base of the muscles of the face; allow us to show feeling and chew food;
facial bones
112
mandible
the lower jawbone; articulates with the temporal bones in the only freely moveable joints of the skull; largest and strongest bone of the face
113
the lower jawbone
mandible
114
articulates with the temporal bones in the only freely moveable joints of the skull
mandible
115
largest and strongest bone of the face
mandible
116
body
the horizontal part of the mandible; forms the chin
117
ramus
vertical extension of the body on either side of the mandible
118
alveolar margin (alveolar process)
superior edge of the mandible; contains sockets (alveoli) for the lower teeth
119
the horizontal part of the mandible; forms the chin
body
120
vertical extension of the body on either side of the mandible
ramus (both: the rami)
121
superior edge of the mandible
alveolar margin (alveolar process)
122
contains sockets (alveoli) for the lower teeth
alveolar margin
123
maxillae
the two maxillary bones fuse in a median suture to form the upper jaw and part of the orbits
124
temporomandibular joint
point where mandible articulates with the temporal bones
125
point where mandible articulates with the temporal bones
temporomandibular joint
126
the two bones fuse in a median suture to form the upper jaw and part of the orbits
the two maxillae, or maxillary bones
127
"keystone" bones of the face
maxillae; all facial bones except the mandible join the maxillae
128
all facial bones except the mandible join this
maxillae
129
carry the upper teeth in the alveolar process
maxillae
130
the maxillae carry the upper teeth in this
alveolar process
131
palatine processes
extensions of the maxillae that form the anterior part of the hard palate of the mouth
132
extensions of the maxillae that form the anterior part of the mouth
palatine processes (hard palate)
133
the maxillae form the jaw and the boundaries of these cavities
roof of mouth
floor and lateral walls of the nasal cavity
floors of the orbits
134
paranasal sinuses
drain into nasal passages; naming reveals position surrounding the nasal cavity; lighten the skull/facial bones and act as resonance chambers for speech; the maxillary sinus is the largest;
135
the four skull bones that contain sinuses (mucosa-lined air cavities)
maxillary
sphenoid
ethmoid
frontal
136
drain into nasal passages; naming reveals position surrounding the nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses
137
lighten the skull/facial bones and act as resonance chambers for speech
paranasal sinuses
138
the maxillary sinus is the largest
paranasal sinuses
139
sinuses
mucosa-lined air cavities which lead into the nasal passages
140
why do infection in the nose and throat cause sinus pain?
because the mucosa lining in the sinuses is continuous with that in the nose in throat; infections tend to migrate
141
palatine bones
paired bones posterior to the palatine processes of the maxillae; form the posterior part of the hard palate and part of the orbit; the posterior borders serve as the attachment site of the soft palate
142
paired bones posterior to the palatine processes of the maxillae
palatine bones
143
form the posterior part of the hard palate and part of the orbit
palatine bones
144
the posterior borders serve as the attachment site of the soft palate
palatine bones
145
failure of either of these to fuse medially results in cleft palate
palatine bones or palatine processes
146
zygomatic bones
cheekbones; lateral to the maxilla; also form much of the lateral walls of the orbits (eye sockets)
147
the facial bones
```
mandible
maxillae - 2
palatine - 2
zygomatic - 2
lacrimal - 2
nasal - 2
vomer
inferior nasal conchae - 2
```
148
cheekbones
zygomatic bones
149
lateral to the maxilla
zygomatic bones
150
form much of the lateral walls of the orbits (eye sockets)
zygomatic bones
151
lacrimal bones
fingernail-sized bones forming part of the medial walls of each orbit; between the maxilla and the ethmoid; each has an opening that serves as a passageway for tears (lacrima=tear)
152
fingernail-sized bones forming part of the medial walls of each orbit
lacrimal bones
153
bones between the maxilla and the ethmoid
lacrimal bones
154
each has an opening that serves as a passageway for tears
lacrimal bones (lacrima=tear)
155
nasal bones
the small rectangular bones forming the bridge of the nose (lower part of nose is made up of cartilage)
156
the small rectangular bones forming the bridge of the nose
nasal bones
157
what is the lower part of the skeleton of the nose made up of?
cartilage
158
vomer bone
blade-shaped bone in the median line of the nasal cavity; forms the lower part and most of the nasal septum; posterior border is free
159
bones located in back of the nasal cavity
palatine bones
160
blade-shaped bone in the median line of the nasal cavity
vomer
161
forms the lower part and most of the nasal septum
vomer bone
162
the superior half is fused with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
vomer bone
163
superior to the vomer
perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
164
inferior nasal conchae
thin, curved bones protruding medially from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity; serve same purpose as the nasal conchae of the ethmoid bone
165
thin, curved bones protruding medially from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity; serve same purpose as those of the ethmoid bone
inferior nasal conchae
166
which bones do each of the nasal conchae belong to?
superior nasal conchae - ethmoid bone
middle nasal conchae - ethmoid bone
inferior nasal conchae - a facial bone of its own
167
hyoid bone
not part of skull; located in throat above larynx; anchored by ligaments to the styloid processes of the temporal bones; only bone in body not attached to another bone; point of attachment for neck muscles that raise and lower larynx while we speak; moveable base for tongue
168
not part of skull; located in throat above larynx; anchored by ligaments to the styloid processes of the temporal bones
hyoid bone
169
only bone in body not attached to another bone
hyoid bone
170
point of attachment for neck muscles that raise and lower larynx while we speak; moveable base for tongue
hyoid bone
171
zygomatic arch
the bony arch at the outer border of the eye socket, formed by the union of the zygomatic bone (cheekbone) and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone
172
the bony arch at the outer border of the eye socket
zygomatic arch
173
formed by the union of the zygomatic bone (cheekbone) and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone
zygomatic arch
174
fontanels
fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones in an infant's skull; soft spots; allow the fetal skull to be compressed slightly during birth; allow for growth of the brain during early infancy; gradually converted to bone (ossify) and gone by 24 months
175
the fontanels
anterior fontanel
posterior fontanel
sphenoidal fontanel (temporal fontanel)
mastoid fontanel
176
fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones in an infant's skull
fontanels
177
"soft spots" in infants
fontanels
178
allow the fetal skull to be compressed slightly during birth; allow for growth of the brain during early infancy
fontanels
179
ossify
convert to bone
180
convert to bone
ossify
181
fontanel where the coronal suture and sagittal suture will eventually be
anterior fontanel
182
anterior fontanel
fontanel where the coronal suture and sagittal suture will eventually be
183
fontanel where the sagittal suture and lambdoid suture will eventually be
posterior fontanel
184
posterior fontanel
fontanel where the sagittal suture and lambdoid suture will eventually be
185
fontanel where the coronal suture and lambdoid suture will eventually be
sphenoidal/temporal fontanel
186
fontanel where the temporal, occipital, and parietal bones will eventually meet
mastoid fontanel
187
mastoid fontanel
fontanel where the temporal, occipital, and parietal bones will eventually meet
188
which bone has the cribriform plate and crista galli?
ethmoid bone
189
what serves as the axial support of the body?
vertebral column (spine)
190
what is the location of the vertebral column?
extends from the skull, which it supports, to the pelvis, where it transmits the weight of the body to the lower limbs
191
extends from the skull, which it supports, to the pelvis, where it transmits the weight of the body to the lower limbs
the vertebral column
192
another name for the vertebral column
spine
193
another name for spine
vertebral column
194
what supports the skull?
the vertebral column
195
how are the bones of the vertebral column connected and supported?
ligaments
196
what is running through the central cavity of the vertebral column?
the delicate spinal cord, which the vertebral column surrounds and protects
197
how many bones in the vertebral column before/after birth?
33 separate before; 9 fuse to form 2 composite bones; 26 after
198
9 vertebrae fuse before birth to form which two composite bones?
sacrum
| coccyx
199
vertebrae
bones of the spine
200
bones of the spine
vertebrae
201
what construct the inferior portion of the vertebral column?
two composite bones: sacrum & coccyx
202
the seven vertebrae of the neck
cervical vertebrae
203
cervical vertebrae
the seven vertebrae of the neck
204
the twelve vertebrae of the middle vertebral column
thoracic vertebrae
205
thoracic vertebrae
the twelve vertebrae of the middle vertebral column
206
the five vertebrae supporting the lower back
lumbar vertebrae
207
lumbar vertebrae
the five vertebrae supporting the lower back
208
the names of the sets of bones of the vertebral column, superior to inferior
```
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
coccyx
```
209
intervertebral discs
pads of flexible fibrocartilage separating the individual vertebrae; cushion vertebrae and absorb shock while allowing the spine flexibility
210
pads of flexible fibrocartilage separating the individual vertebrae
intervertebral discs
211
cushion vertebrae and absorb shock while allowing the spine flexibility
intervertebral discs
212
how do intervertebral discs change as a person ages?
in youth have high water content (90%) are spongy and compressible; as a person ages, water content decreases (like that of other tissues) discs become harder & less compressible
213
herniated discs
a tear in the outer ring of the intervertebral disc allows the soft center to bulge out and cause pressure on the spinal cord
214
a tear in the outer ring of the intervertebral disc allows the soft center to bulge out and cause pressure on the spinal cord
herniated discs
215
the two major regions of a intervertebral disc
central gelatinous region that behaves like a fluid
| outer ring of tough collagen fibers that stabilize disc
216
composition of the central region of a intervertebral disc
gelatinous; behaves like a fluid
217
composition of the outer ring of a intervertebral disc
tough collagen fibers
218
primary curvatures
spinal curvatures in the thoracic and sacral regions or the vertebral column
219
why are the primary curvatures of the spine named so?
because they are present when we are born
220
what produces the C-shaped spine of a newborn baby?
the two primary curvatures of the thoracic and sacral regions together
221
secondary curvatures
the spinal curvatures in the cervical and lumbar regions of the vertebral column
222
why are the secondary curvatures of the spine named so?
because they develop sometime after birth
223
spinal curvatures in the thoracic and sacral regions or the vertebral column
primary curvatures
224
the spinal curvatures in the cervical and lumbar regions of the vertebral column
secondary curvatures
225
what does the secondary curvature of the spine allow in adults?
allows us to center our body weight on our lower limbs with minimal effort
226
when does the cervical curvature of the spine appear?
when a baby begins to raise its head
227
when does the lumbar curvature of the spine develop?
when a baby begins to walk
228
what curvature of the spine appears when a baby begins to raise its head
cervical
229
what curvature of the spine develops when a baby begins to walk?
lumbar
230
what is the purpose of the discs and the S-shaped (springlike) construction of the vertebral column?
prevents shock to the head in walking and running and make the body trunk flexible
231
prevents shock to the head in walking and running and make the body trunk flexible
the discs and the S-shaped (springlike) construction of the vertebral column
232
scoliosis
abnormal spine curvature - spine curves laterally
233
kyphosis
abnormal spine curvature - thoracic curvature exaggerated, bulged out
234
lordosis
abnormal spine curvature - lumbar curvature exaggerated, pushed in
235
abnormal spine curvature - spine curves laterally
scoliosis
236
abnormal spine curvature - thoracic curvature exaggerated, bulged out
kyphosis
237
abnormal spine curvature - lumbar curvature exaggerated, pushed in
lordosis
238
causation of abnormal spine curvatures
congenital (present at birth), disease, poor posture, or unequal muscle pull on the spine
239
how do the different curvatures of the vertebral column curve? (concave/convex in reference to the posterior aspect)
cervical - concave
thoracic - convex
lumbar - concave
sacrum - convex
240
the common features of vertebrae
```
centrum (body)
vertebral arch
laminae
pedicles
vertebral foramen
transverse processes
spinous process
superior and inferior articular processes
```
241
centrum (body)
disc-like, weight-bearing, rounded central portion of the vertebra facing anteriorly in the vertebral column
242
vertebral arch
represents the junction of all posterior extensions from the vertebral body; composed of pedicles, laminae, and spinous process
243
lamina
two broad plates, extending dorsally and medially from the pedicles, fusing to complete the roof of the vertebral arch
244
pedicles
two short, thick processes, which project dorsally, one on either side, from the superior part of the vertebral body at the junction of its posterior and lateral surfaces. They connect the body of the spinal vertebra to the arch
245
vertebral foramen
opening enclosed by the body and vertebral arch of the vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes
246
transverse processes
two lateral projections from the vertebral arch
247
spinous process
single posterior projection from the vertebral arch (from where the laminae fused)
248
superior and inferior articular processes
paired projections lateral to the vertebral foramen that enable adjacent vertebrae to articulate with one another
249
disc-like, weight-bearing, rounded central portion of the vertebra facing anteriorly in the vertebral column
centrum (body)
250
represents the junction of all posterior extensions from the vertebral body; composed of pedicles, laminae, and spinous process
vertebral arch
251
two broad plates, extending dorsally and medially from the pedicles, fusing to complete the roof of the vertebral arch
two lamina (laminae)
252
two short, thick processes, which project dorsally, one on either side, from the superior part of the vertebral body at the junction of its posterior and lateral surfaces. They connect the body of the spinal vertebra to the arch
pedicles
253
opening enclosed by the body and vertebral arch of the vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes
vertebral foramen
254
two lateral projections from the vertebral arch
transverse processes
255
single posterior projection from the vertebral arch (from where the laminae fused)
spinous process
256
paired projections lateral to the vertebral foramen that enable adjacent vertebrae to articulate with one another
superior and inferior articular processes
257
what form the neck portion of the vertebral column?
the seven cervical vertebrae
258
what is the first vertebrae called?
the atlas
259
what is the second vertebrae called?
the axis
260
atlas
first cervical vertebrae; has no body; the superior surfaces of its transverse processes contain large depressions that receive the occipital condyles of the skull - this joint allows you to nod "yes"
261
this vertebrae has no body
atlas
262
the superior surfaces of its transverse processes contain large depressions that receive the occipital condyles of the skull
atlas
263
this joint allows you to nod "yes"
the joint formed between the transverse processes of the atlas and the occipital condyles of the skull
264
axis
second cervical vertebrae; acts as a pivot point for the rotation of the atlas (and skull); has a large vertical process (the dens) that acts as the pivot point; this joint between C1 and C2 allow you to rotate your head side to side ("no")
265
this vertebrae acts as a pivot point for the rotation of the atlas (and skull)
axis
266
this vertebrae has a large vertical process (the dens) that acts as the pivot
axis
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the joint between these two vertebrae allow you to rotate your head side to side ("no")
between the atlas and the axis
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the dens
the large vertical process of the axis that acts as a pivot point for the rotation of the atlas (and skull)
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the large vertical process of the axis that acts as a pivot point for the rotation of the atlas (and skull)
dens
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"typical" cervical vertebrae
five: C3 - C7; the smallest, lightest vertebrae; most often their spinous processes are short and divided into two branches; the transverse processes contain foramina (openings) through which the vertebral arteries pass to the brain above
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C3-C7 of the vertebrae
"typical" cervical vertebrae
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most often the spinous processes of these vertebrae are short and divided into two branches
"typical" cervical vertebrae
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the transverse processes of these vertebrae contain foramina (openings) through which the vertebral arteries pass to the brain above
"typical" cervical vertebrae
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anytime you see foramina in the transverse processes of a vertebrae, it is definitely this type of vertebrae
"typical" cervical vertebrae
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the smallest, lightest vertebrae
"typical" cervical vertebrae
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when you run your fingers down the back of your neck you can feel this
the spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae
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vertebrae prominens
C7; the spinous process of the seventh cervicle vertebrae; called so because it is especially prominent
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C7; the spinous process of the seventh cervicle vertebrae; what is it called because it is especially prominent?
vertebrae prominens
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what is the size of the thoracic vertebrae compared to that of the cervical vertebrae?
the thoracic vertebrae are larger
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thoracic vertebrae
12: T1 to T12; only vertebrae to articulate with the ribs; form the posterior aspect of the thoracic cage
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T1 to T12 of the vertebrae
thoracic vertebrae
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only vertebrae to articulate with the ribs
thoracic vertebrae
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form the posterior aspect of the thoracic cage
thoracic vertebrae
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the body on these vertebrae are slightly heart-shaped
thoracic vertebrae
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the body on these vertebrae have two small costal facets (articulating surfaces) one superior, one inferior, that articulate with the heads of the corresponding ribs
thoracic vertebrae
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the transverse processes of these vertebrae articulate with the knob-like tubercles of the ribs
thoracic vertebrae
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the vertebral foramen of these vertebrae are oval or round
thoracic vertebrae
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the spinous process is long and hooks sharply downward, causing the vertebrae to look like a giraffe's head when viewed laterally
thoracic vertebrae
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lumbar vertebrae
5: L1-L5; the sturdiest of the vertebrae because subjected to the most stress of the vertebral column; have massive block-like bodies; have short, thick, hatchet-shaped spinous processes that extend directly backward and look like a moose head from lateral view
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L1-L5
lumbar vertebrae
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the sturdiest of the vertebrae
lumbar vertebrae
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subjected to the most stress of the vertebral column
lumbar vertebrae
293
these vertebrae have massive block-like bodies
lumbar vertebrae
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these vertebrae have short, thick, hatchet-shaped spinous processes that extend directly backward and look like a moose head from lateral view
lumbar vertebrae
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sacrum
formed by the fusion of 5 vertebrae; is the posterior border of the pelvis; articulates superiorly with L5 and inferiorly connects with the coccyx
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formed by the fusion of 5 vertebrae; is the posterior border of the pelvis
sacrum
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articulates superiorly with L5 and inferiorly connects with the coccyx
sacrum
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median sacral crest
is the remnant of the spinous processes of the fused vertebrae; roughens the midline surface of the sacrum
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is the remnant of the spinous processes of the fused vertebrae of the sacrum
median sacral crest
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roughens the midline surface of the sacrum
median sacral crest
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ala (alae plural)
winglike superior portion of the sacrum which articulates laterally with the hip bones, forming the sacroiliac joints
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sacroiliac joints
where the alae of the sacrum articulates with the hip bones
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where the alae of the sacrum articulates with the hip bones
sacroiliac joints
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winglike superior and lateral portion of the sacrum
ala (alae plural)
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the median sacral crest is flanked laterally by these
posterior sacral foramina
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posterior sacral foramina
flank the median sacral crest laterally
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the vertebral canal continues inside the sacrum as this
sacral canal
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the large inferior opening where the vertebral canal terminates in the sacrum near the coccyx
sacral hiatus
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sacral canal
where the vertebral canal continues inside the sacrum until it terminates at the sacral hiatus
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sacral hiatus
the large inferior opening where the sacral canal terminates in the sacrum near the coccyx
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coccyx
human "tailbone"; formed from the fusion of three to five tiny, irregularly shaped vertebrae
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human "tailbone"; formed from the fusion of three to five tiny, irregularly shaped vertebrae
coccyx
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the lateral openings created between vertebrae when they are articulated with each other
the intervertebral foramina (singular: foramen)
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intervertebral foramina
the lateral openings created between vertebrae when they are articulated with each other; allow for the passage of spinal nerves, arteries and ligaments
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allow for the passage of spinal nerves, arteries and ligaments
intervertebral foramina
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what is the bony thorax composed of?
the sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae
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the sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae compose what?
the bony thorax (thoracic cage)
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what is another name for the bony thorax?
the thoracic cage
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why is the bony thorax called the thoracic cage?
because it forms a protective cone-shaped cage of slender bones around the organs of the thoracic cavity (heart, lungs, and major blood vessels)
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sternum
breastbone; attached to the first seven pairs of ribs; typical flat bone resulting in the fusion of three bones - the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process, superior to inferior
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breastbone
sternum
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typical flat bone resulting in the fusion of three bones - the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process
sternum
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typical flat bone attached to the first seven pairs of ribs
sternum
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manubrium
bone at the superior end of the sternum; looks like the knot of a tie; articulates with the clavicle (collarbone) laterally
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body (bone of sternum)
lies inferior to the manubrium and superior to the xiphoid process; forms most of the sternum
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xiphoid process
bone at the inferior end of the sternum; lies at the level of the fifth intercostal space
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bone at the superior end of the sternum
manubrium
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lies inferior to the manubrium and superior to the xiphoid process
body
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bone at the inferior end of the sternum
xiphoid process
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this bone of the sternum looks like the knot of a tie
manubrium
331
forms most of the sternum
body
332
this part of the sternum articulates with the clavicle (collarbone) laterally
manubrium
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this part of the sternum lies at the level of the fifth intercostal space
xiphoid process
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important bony landmarks of the sternum
jugular notch
sternal angle
xiphisternal joint
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jugular notch
concave upper border of the manubrium; generally is at the level of the third thoracic vertebrae
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concave upper border of the manubrium
jugular notch
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sternal angle
where the manubrium and the body of the sternum meet at a slight angle to each other; form a transverse ridge at the level of the second ribs
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form a transverse ridge on the sternum at the level of the second ribs
sternal angle
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where the manubrium and the body of the sternum meet at a slight angle to each other
sternal angle
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xiphisternal joint
point where the sternal body and the xiphoid process fuse; lies at level of ninth thoracic vertebrae
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point where the sternal body and the xiphoid process fuse
xiphisternal joint
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how many ribs form the wall of the thoracic cage?
12 pairs
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how are the ribs positioned?
all articulate with the vertebral column posteriorly and then curve downward an toward the anterior body surface
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all articulate with the vertebral column posteriorly and then curve downward an toward the anterior body surface
ribs
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what are the first seven ribs called?
true ribs
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true ribs
the first seven pair of ribs; attach directly to the sternum by costal cartilages
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costal cartilages
cartilages that connect the sternum and the ends of the ribs;
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cartilages that connect the sternum and the ends of the ribs;
costal cartilages
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false ribs
the five pairs of ribs after the true ribs; either attached indirectly to the sternum or not attached to sternum at all; last two are floating ribs
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floating ribs
the bottom two false ribs; do not attach to sternum
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the five pairs of ribs after the true ribs
false ribs
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ribs either attached indirectly to the sternum or not attached to sternum at all
false ribs
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last two are floating ribs
false ribs
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ribs that do not attach to the sternum
floating ribs
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intercostal spaces
space between the ribs
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space between the ribs
intercostal spaces
357
what are the intercostal spaces filled with?
intercostal muscle, which aid in breathing
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costal
pertaining to the ribs
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pertaining to the ribs
costal
