5 Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards
(265 cards)
1
Q
another name for shoulder girdle
A
pectoral girdle
2
Q
what does the pectoral girdle consist of?
A
two bones: a clavicle and a scapula
3
Q
another name for pectoral girdle
A
shoulder girdle
4
Q
what consists of a clavicle and a scapula
A
the pectoral girdle
5
Q
clavicle
A
collarbone; attaches to the manubrium of the sternum medially and to the scapula laterally
6
Q
collarbone
A
clavicle
7
Q
attaches to the manubrium of the sternum medially and to the scapula laterally
A
clavicle
8
Q
what is the purpose of the clavicle?
A
acts as a brace to hold the arm away from the top of the thorax and helps prevent shoulder dislocation
9
Q
acts as a brace to hold the arm away from the top of the thorax and helps prevent shoulder dislocation
A
clavicle
10
Q
when this is broken, the whole shoulder region caves in medially
A
clavicle
11
Q
scapulae
A
shoulder blades;
12
Q
triangular bone commonly called “wings” because they flare when we move our arms posteriorly
A
scapulae
13
Q
shoulder blades
A
scapulae
14
Q
description of scapulae
A
triangular; each has a flattened body and two important processes: the acromion and the beaklike corocoid
15
Q
triangular; each has a flattened body and two important processes: the acromion and the beaklike corocoid
A
scapulae (the two scapula)
16
Q
where does the scapulae attach to the clavicle?
A
at the acromioclavicular joint; the acromion process of the scapula connects with the clavicle laterally at this joint
17
Q
acromioclavicular joint
A
where the acromion process of the scapula connects with the clavicle laterally
18
Q
acromion process
A
the enlarged end of the spine of the scapula; part of the scapula that connects with the clavicle laterally
19
Q
the enlarged end of the spine of the scapula
A
acromion process
20
Q
part of the scapula that connects with the clavicle laterally
A
acromion process
21
Q
coracoid process
A
is a small hook-like structure on the lateral edge of the superior anterior portion of the scapula; anchors some muscles of the arm; Pointing laterally forward, it, together with the acromion, serves to stabilize the shoulder joint
22
Q
a small hook-like structure on the lateral edge of the superior anterior portion of the scapula
A
coracoid process
23
Q
together with the acromion, it serves to stabilize the shoulder joint
A
coracoid process
24
Q
suprascapular notch
A
medial to the coracoid process of the scapula; large indentation which serves as a nerve passageway
25
indentation medial to the coracoid process of the scapula
suprascapular notch
26
large indentation on the superior edge of the scapula which serves as a nerve passageway
suprascapular notch
27
how is the scapula attached to the axial skeleton?
it is not directly attached; it is loosely held in place by trunk muscles
28
it is not directly attached to the axial skeleton; it is loosely held in place by trunk muscles
scapula
29
what are the three borders of the scapula?
superior
medial (vertebral)
lateral (axillary)
30
the three angles (corners) of the scapula
superior
inferior
lateral
31
glenoid cavity
shallow socket on the scapula that receives the head of the arm bone; is in the lateral angle
32
shallow socket on the scapula that receives the head of the arm bone; is in the lateral angle
glenoid cavity
33
part of the scapula that connects with the humerus
glenoid cavity
34
drawback to the lightness of the pectoral girdle that allows exceptional free movement and flexibility tot he upper limb
pectoral girdle is very easily dislocated
35
factors that cause the pectoral girdle to be very light and allow extremely free movement of the upper limbs
- -pectoral girdle only attaches to the axial skeleton at one point: the sternoclavicular joint
- -loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the thorax as muscles act
- -glenoid cavity is shallow and shoulder joint poorly reinforced by ligaments
36
what is the arm formed by?
a single bone, the humerus
37
humerus
single long bone that forms the arm
38
at the proximal end of this bone is a rounded head that fits into the shallow glenoid cavity of the scapula
humerus
39
what is at the proximal end of the humerus
a rounded head that fits into the shallow glenoid cavity of the scapula
40
anatomical neck
immediately inferior to the head of the humerus; obliquely directed; its upper half represented by a narrow groove that separates the head of the humerus from the two tubercles
41
immediately inferior to the head of the humerus; obliquely directed; its upper half represented by a narrow groove that separates the head of the humerus from the two tubercles
anatomical neck
42
greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus
two bony projections anterolateral to the head; sites of muscle attachment; separated from each other by the deep groove of the intertubercular sulcus and from the head by the anatomical neck
43
two bony projections anterolateral to the head of the humerus and sites of muscle attachment
greater and lesser tubercles
44
intertubercular sulcus
deep groove separating the greater and lesser tubercles at the proximal end of the humerus
45
deep groove separating the greater and lesser tubercles at the proximal end of the humerus
intertubercular sulcus
46
surgical neck of the humerus
just distal to the tubercles at the proximal end; where the humerus thins from the head
47
just distal to the tubercles at the proximal end; where the humerus thins from the head
surgical neck
48
deltoid tuberosity
roughened area midpoint of the shaft of the humerus; where the large deltoid muscle of the shoulder attaches
49
roughened area midpoint of the shaft of the humerus
deltoid tuberosity
50
where the large deltoid muscle of the shoulder attaches to the humerus
deltoid tuberosity
51
radial groove
runs obliquely down the posterior aspect of the humerus shaft; marks the course of the radial nerve (important nerve of upper limb)
52
runs obliquely down the posterior aspect of the humerus shaft
radial groove
53
marks the course of the radial nerve (important nerve of upper limb) along the posterior of the humerus
radial groove
54
trochlea
spool-like medial portion of the articular surface of the elbow joint on the humerus; articulates with the trochlear notch on the ulna
55
spool-like medial portion of the articular surface of the elbow joint on the humerus
trochlea
56
portion of humerus that articulates with the trochlear notch on the ulna
trochlea
57
capitulum
lateral ball-like portion of the distal humerus that articulates in the elbow joint with the head of the radius
58
lateral ball-like portion of the distal humerus that articulates in the elbow joint with the head of the radius
capitulum
59
elbow joint
medial trochlea of humerus articulates with the trochlear notch of ulna
lateral capitulum of the humerus articulates with the head of the radius
60
coronoid fossa
anterior depression above the trochlea on the humerus; receives the coronoid process of the ulna during flexion of the forearm
61
anterior depression above the trochlea on the humerus
coronoid fossa
62
part of humerus that receives the coronoid process of the ulna during flexion of the forearm
coronoid fossa
63
olecranon fossa
posterior depression above the trochlea on the humerus; receives the olecranon of the ulna during extension of the forearm
64
posterior depression above the trochlea on the humerus
olecranon fossa
65
part of humerus that receives the olecranon of the ulna during extension of the forearm
olecranon fossa
66
flexion of the forearm
flexion: coronoid fossa of the humerus receives coronoid process of the ulna
67
coronoid fossa of the humerus receives coronoid process of the ulna
flexion of the forearm
68
extension of the forearm
extension: olecranon fossa of the humerus receives the olecranon of the ulna
69
olecranon fossa of the humerus receives the olecranon of the ulna
extension of the forearm
70
medial epicondyle
raised area medial to the trochlea on the distal end of the humerus; larger, more prominent and slightly more posterior in anatomical position than lateral epicondyle
71
lateral epicondyle
raised area lateral to the trochlea on the distal end of the humerus; posterior to capitulum
72
epicondyles of the humerus
lateral and medial; flank the coronoid fossa and the olecranon fossa of the elbow joint
73
flank the coronoid fossa and the olecranon fossa of the elbow joint
lateral and medial epicondyles
74
bones that form the forearm
radius
| ulna
75
radius and ulna in anatomical position
radius is the lateral bone (thumb)
| ulna is the medial bone (pinkie)
76
lateral bone of the forearm
radius
77
medial bone of the forearm
ulna
78
thumb-side bone of the forearm
radius
79
pinkie-side bone of the forearm
ulna
80
what happens to the bones of the forearm when the hand is rotated so the palm faces posteriorly?
the distal end of the radius crosses over and ends up medial to the ulna
81
when is the radius medial to the ulna?
when the palm is rotated so it faces posterior
82
where do the radius and ulna articulate?
articulate both proximally and distally at small radioulnar joints
83
radioulnar joints
proximal radioulnar joint and distal radioulnar joint; where the radius and ulna articulate
84
how are the radius and ulna connected?
at both ends at the radioulnar joints and along entire length by the interosseous membrane
85
interosseous membrane
flexible membrane that connects the radius and ulna along entire length
86
flexible membrane that connects the radius and ulna along entire length
interosseous membrane
87
what do both the radius and the ulna have at their distal ends?
both have a styloid process
88
what does the disc-shaped head of the radius forms a joint with?
the capitulum of the humerus
89
radial tuberosity
where the tendon of the biceps muscle attaches; just below the head of the radius
90
where the tendon of the biceps muscle attaches to the radius
radial tuberosity
91
process just below the head of the radius
radial tuberosity
92
these two processes of the ulna grip the trochlea of the humerus in a pliers-like joint
coronoid process and olecranon; they are separated by the trochlear notch
93
what parts of the ulna are separated by the trochlear notch?
coronoid process on the anterior and olecranon on the posterior
94
anterior process on the proximal end of the ulna; part of joint that grips the trochlea of the humerus
coronoid process
95
posterior process on the proximal end of the ulna; part of joint that grips the trochlea of the humerus
olecranon
96
coronoid process
anterior process on the proximal end of the ulna; part of joint that grips the trochlea of the humerus
97
olecranon
posterior process on the proximal end of the ulna; part of joint that grips the trochlea of the humerus
98
trochlear notch
large depression of the ulna, formed by the olecranon and the coronoid process; articulates with the trochlea of the humerus
99
large depression of the ulna, formed by the olecranon and the coronoid process; articulates with the trochlea of the humerus
trochlear notch
100
what does the skeleton of the hand consist of?
carpals
metacarpals
phalanges
101
carpal bones
bones of the wrist; eight bones arranged in two irregular rows of four bones each; form the carpus (wrist)
102
carpus
wrist
103
form the carpus
carpal bones
104
how are the carpals bound together?
ligaments that restrict movements between them
105
metacarpals
the five bones that form the palm of the hand; when the fist is clenched, the head form "knuckles"
106
the bones of the palm of the hand
metacarpals
107
form the knuckles
the heads of the metacarpals when the fist is clenched
108
the head of the metacarpals form these
knuckles
109
phalanges
bones of the fingers; each hand contains fourteen; three in each finger (proximal, middle, distal), two in thumb (proximal, distal)
110
how many phalanges in each hand?
fourteen; three in each finger (proximal, middle, distal), two in thumb (proximal, distal)
111
bones of the fingers
phalanges
112
how many phalanges in each finger?
three; two in thumb
113
what is the pelvic girdle composed of
two coxal bones (ossa coxae; hip bones) and the sacrum
114
together with the coccyx forms the pelvis
pelvic girdle
115
difference between pelvic girdle and bony pelvis
pelvic girdle = 2 coxal bones and sacrum
| bony pelvis = 2 coxal bones, sacrum + coccyx
116
how are the pelvic girdle and bony pelvis related?
the bony pelvis is the pelvic girdle plus the coccyx
117
other names for coxal bones
ossa coxae
| hip bones
118
other names for ossa coxae
coxal bones
| hip bones
119
other names for hip bones
ossa coxae
| coxal bones
120
bones are large and heavy and attach securely to the axial skeleton via the sacral attachment to the lowermost lumbar vertebrae
pelvic girdle
121
pelvic girdle
two hip bones and the sacrum; bones are large and heavy; attaches to the axial skeleton; sockets receive the thigh bones; function is bearing weight
122
what are the bones of the pelvic girdle like
large and heavy
123
how does the pelvic girdle attach securely to the axial skeleton?
via the sacral attachment to the lowermost vertebrae
124
sockets of the pelvic girdle
receive the thigh bones; are deep and heavily reinforced by ligaments that attach the limbs firmly to the girdle
125
most important function of the pelvic girdle
bearing weight; total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis
126
what organs lie within and are protected by the pelvis?
reproductive organs
urinary bladder
part of large intestine
127
each hip bone is formed by what?
the fusion of three bones:
ilium
ischium
pubis
128
is formed by the fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis
hip bone
129
ilium
large, flaring bone that forms most of the hip bone; connects posteriorly to the sacrum
130
large, flaring bone that forms most of the hip bone
ilium
131
part of hip bone that connects posteriorly to the sacrum
ilium; connects at the sacroiliac joint
132
where does the ilium connect to the sacrum?
sacroiliac joint
133
sacroiliac joint
where the ilium of the hip bone connects posteriorly to the sacrum
134
alae of the ilia
wing-like portions of the ilia of the hip bone; putting hands on hips = hands resting over alae (ala of an ilium, singular); upper edge is iliac crest
135
wing-like portions of the ilia of the hip bone
alae (singular: ala)
136
when you put your hands on your hips they are resting over this
the ala, the wing-like portion of the ilium of the hip bone
137
iliac crest
upper edge of ala; runs from anterior superior iliac spine to posterior superior iliac spine; important landmark when giving intramuscular injections
138
upper edge of ala
iliac crest
139
runs between anterior superior iliac spine to posterior superior iliac spine
iliac crest
140
what are below the anterior and posterior superior iliac spines?
small inferior spines:
anterior inferior iliac spine
posterior inferior iliac spine
141
ischium
"sit-down bone"; forms the inferior part of the coxal (hip) bone
142
"sit-down bone"
ischium
143
forms the inferior part of the coxal bone
ischium
144
ischial tuberosity
roughened area of the ischium that receives body weight when you are sitting
145
roughened area of the hip bone that receives body weight when you are sitting
ischial tuberosity
146
ischial spine
superior to ischial tuberosity on coxal bone; important landmark in pregnant women because narrows the outlet of the pelvis
147
process superior to ischial tuberosity on coxal bone
ischial spine
148
important landmark in pregnant women because narrows the outlet of the pelvis
ischial spine
149
greater sciatic notch
located posteriorly on superior part of ischium; allows blood vessels and the large sciatic nerve to pass from the pelvis posteriorly into the thigh
150
important bone marking located posteriorly on superior part of ischium
greater sciatic notch
151
allows blood vessels and the large sciatic nerve to pass from the pelvis posteriorly into the thigh
greater sciatic notch
152
pubis
most anterior part of the coxal bone; pubic bones fuse anteriorly to form pubic symphysis; fuses with the ischium to enclose obturator foramen
153
most anterior part of the coxal bone
pubis
154
oburator foramen
opening on the inferior coxal bone that allows blood vessels and nerves to pass to the anterior part of the thigh; formed by the fusion of the rami of the pubis anteriorly to the ischium posteriorly, creating the bar of bone that forms the enclosure
155
opening on the inferior coxal bone that allows blood vessels and nerves to pass to the anterior part of the thigh
oburator foramen
156
the fusion of the rami of the pubis anteriorly to the ischium posteriorly, creates the bar of bone that forms this enclosure
oburator foramen
157
pubic symphysis
cartilaginous joint formed by the pubic bones of each hip fusing anteriorly; midpoint of pubic arch
158
cartilaginous joint formed by the pubic bones of each hip fusing anteriorly
pubic symphysis
159
midpoint of pubic arch
pubic symphysis
160
pubic arch
anterior inferior arch formed by joining of the two pubic bones at the pubic symphysis
161
anterior inferior arch formed by joining of the two pubic bones at the pubic symphysis
pubic arch
162
acetabulum
the deep socket where the ilium, ischium and pubis fuse; receives the head of the thigh bone
163
the deep socket where the ilium, ischium and pubis fuse
acetabulum
164
socket of hip bone that receives the head of the thigh bone
acetabulum
165
the deep socket where the three bones of the coxal bone fuse
acetabulum
166
the two regions of the bony pelvis
false pelvis
| true pelvis
167
false pelvis
the area medial the flaring portions of the ilia; superior to the true pelvis
168
the area medial the flaring portions of the ilia
false pelvis
169
true pelvis
area lying inferior to the flaring parts of the ilia and the pelvic brim; surrounded by bone; dimensions important in women b/c must be large enough to allow infants head to pass
170
area lying inferior to the flaring parts of the ilia and the pelvic brim
true pelvis
171
dimensions important in women b/c must be large enough to allow infants head to pass
true pelvis; particularly the outlet and inlet
172
pelvic brim
edge of the superior medial sides of the ilium and pubis
173
edge of the superior medial sides of the ilium and pubis
pelvic brim
174
outlet of true pelvis
inferior opening of the pelvis measured between the two ischial spines
175
inferior opening of the pelvis measured between the two ischial spines
outlet of true pelvis
176
inlet of true pelvis
superior opening between the right and left sides of the pelvic brim
177
superior opening between the right and left sides of the pelvic brim
inlet of the true pelvis
178
thigh bone
femur
179
femur
thigh bone; only bone in the thigh; heaviest, strongest bone in the body
180
only bone in the thigh
femur
181
heaviest, strongest bone in the body
femur
182
head of the femur
articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone in a deep, secure socket
183
articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone in a deep, secure socket
head of the femur
184
proximal end of the femur
has a ball-like head, a neck, and greater and lesser trochanters
185
greater and lesser trochanters
large, blunt, irregularly-shaped processes of the proximal end of the femur; located laterally of the head and neck with the greater trochanter superior and lateral to the lesser; separated anteriorly by the intertrochanteric line and posteriorly by the intertrochanteric crest
186
large, blunt, irregularly-shaped processes of the proximal end of the femur
greater trochanter and lesser trochanter
187
processes located laterally to the head and neck of the femur
greater trochanter and lesser trochanter
188
position of the greater and lesser trochanter to each other
greater trochanter is superior and lateral to the lesser trochanter
189
separated anteriorly by the intertrochanteric line and posteriorly by the intertrochanteric crest
greater trochanter and lesser trochanter
190
what separates the greater trochanter and lesser trochanter anteriorly?
intertrochanteric line
191
what separates the greater trochanter and lesser trochanter posteriorly?
intertrochanteric crest
192
what serve as sites for muscle attachment at the proximal end of the femur?
greater trochanter
lesser trochanter
gluteal tuberosity
193
bone marking on the femur that serves as an attachment site for the gluteus maximus
gluteal tuberosity
194
common fracture site on the femur
neck
195
why does the femur slant medially as it runs downward to join with the leg bones?
brings the knees in line with the body's center of gravity
196
articular surfaces on the distal end of femur
lateral condyle
medial condyle
intercondylar fossa
patellar surface
197
lateral and medial condyles of the femur
rounded projections of the distal femur that articulate with the tibia; posteriorly separated by the deep intercondylar fossa
198
rounded projections of the distal femur that articulate with the tibia
lateral and medial condyles
199
intercondylar fossa
the deep notch on the posterior of the distal femur separating the lateral and medial condyles
200
the deep notch on the posterior of the distal femur separating the lateral and medial condyles
intercondylar fossa
201
patellar surface
smooth surface on the anterior distal femur which forms the joint with the patella
202
smooth surface on the anterior distal femur which forms the joint with the patella
patellar surface
203
the bones that form the skeleton of the leg
tibia and fibula
204
interosseous membrane
membrane that connects the tibia and fibula along their length
205
membrane that connects the tibia and fibula along their length
interosseous membrane
206
tibia
shinbone; the larger, medial leg bone
207
the larger legbone
tibia
208
the more-medial leg bone
tibia
209
shinbone
tibia
210
proximal end of the tibia
the medial and lateral condyles, separated by the intercondylar eminence, articulate with the distal end of the femur to form the knee joint
211
medial and lateral condyles of the tibia
articular projections of the proximal tibia; separated by the intercondylar eminence
212
articular projections of the proximal tibia
medial and lateral condyles
213
intercondylar eminence
spine at the superior proximal end of the tibia; separates the medial and lateral condyles
214
spine at the superior proximal end of the tibia
intercondylar eminence
215
separates the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia
intercondylar eminence
216
patellar ligament
encloses the patella and attaches to the tibial tuberosity on the anterior tibial surface
217
encloses the patella and attaches to the tibial tuberosity on the anterior tibial surface
patellar ligament
218
tibial tuberosity
roughened area on the anterior tibial surface where the patellar ligament attaches
219
roughened area on the anterior tibial surface where the patellar ligament attaches
tibial tuberosity
220
medial malleolus
process on the distal end of the tibia; forms the inner bulge of the ankle
221
forms the inner bulge of the ankle
medial malleolus
222
anterior border of the tibia
sharp ridge along the anterior surface of the tibia; unprotected by muscles and easily felt through skin
223
sharp ridge along the anterior surface of the tibia
anterior border
224
process on the distal end of the tibia
medial malleolus
225
fibula
thin and stick-like lateral bone of leg; has no part of forming the knee joint
226
position of leg bones
medial - tibia
| lateral - fibula
227
lateral malleolus
process on distal end of fibula; forms outer part of ankle
228
process on distal end of fibula
lateral malleolus
229
forms outer part of ankle
lateral malleolus on fibula
230
what is the foot composed of
tarsals
metatarsals
phalanges
231
what are the functions of the foot?
supports body weight
| serves as a lever to propel the body
232
tarsus
posterior half of foot; composed of seven tarsal bones
233
posterior half of foot
tarsus
234
what is body weight carried mostly by
the two largest tarsals; the calcaneus and the talus
235
calcaneus
heelbone; one of the two largest tarsal bones that support weight
236
heelbone
calcaneus
237
talus
ankle; lies between the tibia and the calcaneus
238
ankle bone
talus
239
lies between the tibia and the calcaneus
talus
240
metatarsals
the five bones that form the sole of the foot
241
the bones that form the sole of the foot
metatarsals
242
phalanges of the foot
like the fingers, 14 form the toes, each toe has three except great toe with two
243
like the fingers, 14 form the toes, each toe has three except great toe with two
phalanges of the foot.
244
how are the bones of the foot arranged?
to form three strong arches; two longitudinal (medial and lateral) and one transverse
245
what hold the feet in their arches?
ligaments bind the foot bones together
| tendons of the foot muscles help to hold the bones in the arched position
246
difference between bone and cartilage
both connective tissue;
matrix: bone - hard & calcified matrix, cartilage firm & pliable
blood vessels: bone - lots, cartilage - none
247
what is bone
bone is connective tissue with calcified matrix and a lot of blood vessels
248
what is cartilage
cartilage is connective tissue with firm pliable matrix and no blood vessels
249
connective tissue with calcified matrix and a lot of blood vessels
bone
250
connective tissue with firm pliable matrix with no blood vessels
cartilage
251
what is the matrix of cartilage made of
glycoaminoglycans (sugar/protein/sugar)
252
describe cartilage fibers
collagen fibers, protein, stronger than steel; is elastic, stretches and recoils (ear lobe)
253
kinds of cartilage
hyaline
elastic
fibrous
costal
254
hyaline cartilage - kind and location
glassy, shiny; articulating surfaces of joints and embryonic skeleton
255
costal cartilage
connects the ribs to the sternum
256
elastic cartilage - kind and location
maintains shape and support but can bend; Eustachian tube in ear; ear lobes; keeps respiratory system open
257
fibrous cartilage - location
intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis
258
type of cartilage that is glassy and shiny
hyaline cartilage
259
type of cartilage that connects the ribs to the sternum
costal cartilage
260
type of cartilage on articulating surfaces of joints
hyaline cartilage
261
type of cartilage in embryonic skeleton
hyaline cartilage
262
type of cartilage that maintains shape and support but can bend
elastic cartilage
263
type of cartilage that keeps the respiratory system open
elastic cartilage
264
type of cartilage that makes the intervertebral discs
fibrous cartilage
265
type of cartilage that the pubic symphysis is composed of
fibrous cartilage
