5 Skeleton Flashcards
1
Q
the two subdivisions of the skeleton
A
axial skeleton
appendicular skeleton
2
Q
axial skeleton
A
the bones that form the longitudinal axis of the body
3
Q
appendicular skeleton
A
the bones of the limbs and girdles
4
Q
the bones that form the longitudinal axis of the body
A
axial skeleton
5
Q
the bones of the limbs and girdles
A
appendicular skeleton
6
Q
in addition to bones, the skeletal system also includes these
A
joints
cartilages
ligaments
7
Q
ligaments
A
fibrous cords that bind the bones together at joints
8
Q
fibrous cords that bind the bones together at joints
A
ligaments
9
Q
what do the joints do?
A
give the body flexibility and allow movement to occur
10
Q
give the body flexibility and allow movement to occur
A
joints
11
Q
functions of bones
A
support protection movement storage blood cell formation
12
Q
how do bones provide support?
A
form the internal framework that supports the body; bones of legs act as pillars to support the body trunk; rib cage supports the thoracic wall
13
Q
how do bones provide protection?
A
protect soft body organs; skull is snug enclosure for brain; vertebrae surround the spinal cord; rib cage protects vital organs of the thorax
14
Q
how do bones provide movement?
A
skeletal muscles, attached to bones by tendons, use the bones as levers to move the body and its parts
15
Q
how do bones provide storage?
A
fat is stored in the internal (marrow) cavities of the bones; bone are storehouse for minerals (calcium & phosphorus most important)
16
Q
in what form is the body’s calcium stored?
A
most is deposited in the bones as calcium salts, but a small amount of calcium in ion form must be present in the blood at all times for the nervous system to transmit messages, muscles to contract, and blood to clot
17
Q
how do bones contribute to blood formation?
A
blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) occurs within the red marrow cavities of certain bones
18
Q
blood cell formation
A
hematopoiesis
19
Q
hematopoiesis
A
blood cell formation
20
Q
how many bones compose the adult skeleton
A
206 bones
21
Q
the two basic types of osseous (bone) tissue
A
compact bone
spongy bone
22
Q
compact bone
A
bone is dense and looks smooth and homogeneous
23
Q
spongy bone
A
bone is composed of small needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space
24
Q
bone is dense and looks smooth and homogeneous
A
compact bone
25
bone is composed of small needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space
spongy bone
26
bones are classified according to shape into these four groups
long
short
flat
irregular
27
long bones
longer than they are wide; as a rule have a shaft with heads at both ends; mostly compact bone; all the bones of the limbs (except patella, wrist & ankle bones)
28
short bones
generally cube-shaped; contain mostly spongy bone; the bones of the wrist and ankle; sesamoid bones, which form within tendons, are a special type; best known example is the patella
29
bones longer than they are wide
long bones
30
as a rule these bones have a shaft with heads at both ends; mostly compact bone
long bones
31
all the bones of the limbs (except patella, wrist & ankle bones) are these
long bones
32
these bones are generally cube-shaped; contain mostly spongy bone
short bones
33
the bones of the wrist and ankle
short bones
34
sesamoid bones, which form within tendons are a special type
short bones
35
best known example is the patella
short bones
36
flat bones
thin, flattened, and usually curved; have two thin layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone between them; most bones of the skull, the ribs, and the sternum (breastbone)
37
bone that are thin, flattened, and usually curved
flat bones
38
have two thin layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone between them
flat bones
39
most bones of the skull, the ribs, and the sternum (breastbone) are this kind of bone
flat bone
40
irregular bones
bones that do not fit into the long, short or flat bone categories; vertebrae and hip bones
41
bones that do not fit into the long, short or flat bone categories
irregular bones
42
vertebrae and hip bones are in this category
irregular bones
43
the skeleton is constructed of which two supportive tissues
cartilage
| bone
44
in embryos, the skeleton is composed mainly of this
hyaline cartilage
45
articulations
joints
46
another name for joints
articulations
47
bone classification of the humerus
long
48
bone classification of the phalanx (phalanges)
long
49
bone classification of the parietal (skull bone)
flat
50
bone classification of the calcaneus (tarsal bone)
short
51
bone classification of the rib bones
flat
52
bone classification of the vertebrae
irregular
53
bone classification of the wrist bones
short
54
bone classification of the ankle bones
short
55
bone classification of the patella (kneecap)
short
56
bone classification of the sternum bones
flat
57
bone classification of the hip bones
irregular
58
the shaft of a long bone
diaphysis; makes up most of the bone's length and is composed of compact bone
59
diaphysis
the shaft of a long bones; makes up most of the bone's length and is composed of compact bone
60
makes up most of a long bone's length and is composed of compact bone
diaphysis; the shaft
61
periosteum
the fibrous connective tissue membrane covering and protecting the diaphysis on a long bone
62
the fibrous connective tissue membrane covering and protecting the diaphysis on a long bone
periosteum
63
part of long bone made almost entirely of compact bone
diaphysis
64
site of red blood cell formation
red marrow cavity
65
fibrous membrane that covers the long bone
periosteum
66
scientific term for bone end on a long bone
epiphysis
67
part of long bone that contains fat in adult bones
medullary cavity
68
growth plate remnant in long bone
epiphyseal line
69
perforating fibers (Sharpey's fibers)
hundreds of connective tissue fibers that secure the periosteum to the underlying bone (fibers of the periosteum that are penetrating the bone)
70
hundreds of connective tissue fibers that secure the periosteum to the underlying bone
perforating fibers (Sharpey's fibers)
71
fibers of the periosteum that are penetrating the bone
perforating fibers (Sharpey's fibers)
72
the ends of the long bone
epiphyses
73
epiphysis
the ends of the long bone; consists of a thin layer of compact bone enclosing and area filled with spongy bone
74
part of long bone that consists of a thin layer of compact bone enclosing and area filled with spongy bone
epiphysis; the ends of the long bone
75
articular cartilage
covers the external surface of the epiphysis instead of periosteum; is glassy hyaline cartilage that provides a smooth slippery surface to decrease friction at joint surfaces
76
covers the external surface of the epiphysis
articular cartilage
77
glassy hyaline cartilage that provides a smooth slippery surface to decrease friction at joint surfaces
articular cartilage
78
why does articular cartilage cover the external surface instead of the periosteum like the rest of the long bone?
because articular cartilage is a glassy hyaline cartilage that provides a smooth slippery surface to decrease friction at joint surfaces
79
in adult bones, the thin line of bony tissue spanning the epiphysis that looks different from the rest of the bone in that area
epiphyseal line
80
the epiphyseal line
remnant of the epiphyseal plate; the thin line of bony tissue spanning the epiphysis of adult long bones
81
epiphyseal plate
a flat plane of hyaline cartilage seen in a young, growing bone; at end of puberty, epiphyseal plates have been replaced by bone, leaving only epiphyseal lines to mark their previous location
82
a flat plane of hyaline cartilage seen in a young, growing bone
epiphyseal plate
83
in adult long bones the cavity of the shaft is primarily a storage area for what?
adipose (fat) tissue
84
what part of and adult long bone is primarily a storage area for adipose (fat) tissue?
the medullary (yellow marrow) cavity; the cavity of the shaft
85
medullary cavity
the cavity of the long bone shaft; also known as the yellow marrow cavity; in adults primarily a storage area for adipose (fat) tissue; in infants area forms blood cells, and red marrow is found there
86
in infants this area of the long bone forms blood cells, and red marrow is found there
medullary cavity
87
where is red marrow confined to in adult long bones?
cavities in the spongy bone of flat bones and the epiphyses of some long bones
88
in adults, what is confined to the cavities in the spongy bone of flat bones and the epiphyses of some long bones?
red marrow
89
how do you define the two ends of a long bone if they're both epiphyses?
proximal epiphysis
| distal epiphysis
90
the array of bumps, holes and ridges scarring bones so they are not featureless and smooth
bone markings
91
bone markings
the array of bumps, holes and ridges scarring bones so they are not featureless and smooth; reveal where muscles, tendons, and ligaments were attached to bones and where blood vessels and nerves passed
92
what reveal where muscles, tendons, and ligaments were attached to bones and where blood vessels and nerves passed?
bone markings
93
the two categories of bone markings
projections (processes)
| depressions (cavities)
94
projections (processes)
bone markings which grow out from the bone surface
95
bone markings which grow out from the bone surface
projections (processes)
96
depressions (cavities)
bone markings which are indentations in the bones
97
bone markings which are indentations in the bones
depressions (cavities)
98
important anatomical landmarks on the bones
bone markings
99
trabeculae
the small needlelike bones of spongy bone
100
the small needlelike bones of spongy bone
trabeculae
101
osteocyte
mature bone cells; found within the matrix of compact bone tissue in tiny cavities called lacunae
102
mature bone cells; found within the matrix of compact bone tissue in tiny cavities called lacunae
osteocyte
103
lacunae
tiny cavities within the bone matrix occupied by osteocytes; the lacunae are arranged in concentric circles called lamellae around central (Haversian) canals
104
tiny cavities within the bone matrix occupied by osteocytes
lacunae
105
arranged in concentric circles called lamellae around central (Haversian) canals
lacunae
106
lamellae
within the bone matrix the concentric circles lacunae are arranged in around central (Haversian) canals
107
within the bone matrix the concentric circles lacunae are arranged in around central (Haversian) canals
lamellae
108
central (Haversian) canals
run parallel to the long axis of the bone and carry blood vessels and nerves through the bony matrix to all areas of the bone; surrounded by concentric circles (lamellae) of tiny cavities (lacunae) containing mature bone cells (osteocytes)
109
osteon
each complex within the bone matrix consisting of central canal and matrix rings
110
each complex within the bone matrix consisting of central canal and matrix rings
osteon
111
run parallel to the long axis of the bone and carry blood vessels and nerves through the bony matrix to all areas of the bone
central (Haversian) canals
112
surrounded by lamellae
central (Haversian) canals
113
tiny canals that radiate outward from the central canals to all lacunae
canaliculi
114
canaliculi
tiny canals that radiate outward from the central canals to all lacunae
115
form a transportation system that connects all bone cells to the nutrient supply through the hard bone matrix
canaliculi
116
function of the organic matrix in bone?
connects all of the bone cells to nutrients to keep them well nourished
117
perforating (Volkmann's) canals
run into the compact bone at right angles to the shaft; complete the communication pathway from the outside of the bone to its interior (to the central canals)
118
run into the compact bone at right angles to the shaft; complete the communication pathway from the outside of the bone to its interior (to the central canals)
perforating (Volkmann's) canals
119
route of nutrients through a compact bone periosteum to osteocyte
periosteum
- >perforating (Volkmann's) canal
- >central (Haversian) canal
- >canaliculi
- >lacunae
- > osteocyte
120
what gives bones its hardness
calcium salts deposited in the matrix
121
what provides for bone's flexibility and tensile strength?
organic parts, especially the collagen fibers
122
what is the skeleton formed from?
cartilage and bone
123
what are two of the strongest and most supportive tissues in the body?
cartilage and bone
124
cartilage and bone form what?
the skeleton
125
what is the skeleton mostly made of in embryos?
hyaline cartilage
126
what is the skeleton made of in a small child?
most of the hyaline cartilage has been replaced by bone
127
as hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone in a child, where does the cartilage remain?
only in isolated areas:
bridge of the nose
parts of the ribs
joints
128
how do flat bones form?
on fibrous membranes
129
how do most bones develop?
they use hyaline cartilage structures as their "models"
130
they use hyaline cartilage structures as their "models"
developing bones
131
bone formation
ossification
132
ossification
bone formation
133
bone-forming cells
osteoblasts
134
osteoblasts
bone-forming cells
135
the two major stages of ossification
1. hyaline cartilage model is completely covered with bone matrix of osteoblasts (a bone "collar) (fetus has cartilage bones covered by bony bones)
2. enclosed hyaline cartilage is digested away, opening up a medullary cavity within the newly formed bone
136
by birth or shortly after, most hyaline cartilage models have been converted to bone EXCEPT for which two regions?
the articular cartilages (cover bone ends)
| the epiphyseal plates
137
How do growing bones grow in length?
new cartilage is formed continuously on the external face of the articular cartilage and on the epiphyseal plate surface that faces the bone end. Old cartilage on the internal face of the articular cartilage and the medullary cavity broken down and replaced by bony matrix.
138
how do growing bone grow in width?
appositional growth
139
appositional growth
the process by which bones increase in diameter?
140
the process of appositional growth:
osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) in the periosteum add bone tissue to the external face of the diaphysis (shaft of bone) as osteoclasts (bone-destroying cells) in the endosteum (lining of medullary cavity) remove bone from the inner face of the diaphysis wall.
141
what controls appositional growth?
hormones, most important of which are growth hormone and, during puberty, the sex hormones
142
when does the process of long-bone growth end?
during adolescence when the epiphyseal plates are completely converted into bone
143
bones are remodeled continually in response to what two factors?
chemical levels in the blood
| the pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton
144
what happens when blood calcium levels drop below homeostatic levels?
the parathyroid glands (located in the throat) are stimulated to release parathyroid hormone (PTH) into the blood
145
when are the parathyroid glands (located in the throat) stimulated to release parathyroid hormone (PTH) into the blood?
when blood calcium levels drop below homeostatic levels
146
what happens when PTH is released into the blood (in response to low calcium in the blood)
PTH activates osteoclasts to break down bone matrix and release calcium ions into the blood
147
what activates osteoclasts to break down bone matrix and release calcium ions into the blood?
PTH (parathyroid hormone)
148
osteoclasts
giant bone-destroying cells in bones
149
giant bone-destroying cells in bones
osteoclasts
150
what happens when blood calcium levels are too high?
calcium is deposited in bone matrix as hard calcium salts
151
bone remodeling
the continuing process of synthesis and destruction that gives bone its mature structure and maintains normal calcium levels in the body.
152
Tuberosity
Large, rounded projection; may be roughened
153
Crest
Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent
154
Trochanter
Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (the only examples are on the femur)
155
Line
Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest
156
Tubercle
small rounded projection or process
157
Epicondyle
Raised area on or above a condyle
158
Spine
Sharp, slender, often pointed projection
159
Ramus
Arm-like bar of bone
160
Process
Any bony prominence
161
Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment: List
```
Tuberosity
Crest
Trochanter
Line
Tubercle
Epicondyle
Spine
Ramus
Process
```
162
Large, rounded projection; may be roughened
Tuberosity
163
Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent
Crest
164
Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (the only examples are on the femur)
Trochanter
165
Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest
Line
166
small rounded projection or process
Tubercle
167
Raised area on or above a condyle
Epicondyle
168
Sharp, slender, often pointed projection
Spine
169
Arm-like bar of bone
Ramus
170
Any bony prominence
Process
171
Head (Bone marking)
Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
172
Facet
Smooth, nearly flat articular surface
173
Condyle
Rounded articular projection
174
Projections that help to form joints: List
Head
Facet
Condyle
Ramus
175
Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
Head
176
Smooth, nearly flat articular surface
Facet
177
Rounded articular projection
Condyle
178
Groove
slit-like furrow
179
Fissure
Narrow, slit-like opening
180
Foramen
Round or oval opening through the bone
181
Notch
Indentation at the edge of a structure
182
Depressions and Openings for passage of blood vessels and nerves: List
Groove
Fissure
Foramen
Notch
183
slit-like furrow
Groove
184
Narrow, slit-like opening
Fissure
185
Round or oval opening through the bone
Foramen
186
Indentation at the edge of a structure
Notch
187
Meatus
canal-like passageway
188
Sinus
Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane
189
Fossa
shallow, basin-like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
190
canal-like passageway
Meatus
191
Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane
Sinus
192
shallow, basin-like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
Fossa
193
sesamoid bones
short bones which form within tendons;
194
short bones which form within tendons
sesamoid bones
