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Cells > Animal Cells (Part Three) > Flashcards

Animal Cells (Part Three) Flashcards

1
Q

Give the organelles/cellular compartments that are involved in the endomembrane system.

A
  • Nucleus
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • Lyosome/Vacuole
  • Endosomal compartments
  • Transport vesicles
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2
Q

Give the 3 types of trafficking pathways.

A
  • Biosynthetic-secretory
  • Endocytic
  • Retrieval-recycling
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3
Q

Give the organelles/cellular compartments involved in retrieval-recycling trafficking pathways.

A
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • (Late and early) endosomes
  • Transport vesicles
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4
Q

Give the organelles/cellular compartments involved in endocytic trafficking pathways.

A
  • (Late and early) endosomes
  • Lyosomes (Vacuole)
  • Transport vesicles
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5
Q

What percentage of membranes in the cell are the membrane sacs and branched tubules of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

~50%

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6
Q

Give the functions of the smooth ER.

A
  • Calcium storage (for cell signalling)
  • Lipid synthesis
  • Detoxification of drugs/poisons
  • Metabolism of carbohydrates
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7
Q

What is the function of the rough ER?

A

Processing of secretory proteins.

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8
Q

Give the steps to cotranslational translocation in the ER.

A
  1. Ribosome assembles and binds mRNA.
  2. If polypeptide contains a signal sequence, it is targeted to the ER membrane.
  3. The signal peptide is cleaved off and the protein is translated into the ER lumen where it is folded and further processed.
  4. Cytosolic proteins can contain signal sequences target them to other organelles.
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9
Q

Name the parts of the Golgi apparatus in order from where transport vesicles arrive to where secretory vesicles exit.

A
  • cis face
  • cis Golgi network
  • cis Cisterna
  • medial Cisterna
  • trans Cisterna
  • trans Golgi network
  • trans face
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10
Q

Give four functions of an oligosaccharide.

A
  • Provides protection against pathogens (e.g. the mucus coating on the epithelia)
  • Serves in cell-cell recognition and signalling
  • Marks progression of the protein
  • Aids folding and interaction with other proteins
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11
Q

What happens in the Golgi?

A
  • Oligosaccharide chains are processed

- Proteoglucans are assembled

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12
Q

What do most proteins that arrive from the ER at the cis face Golgi contain?

A

An N-linked oligosaccharide

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13
Q

Describe the processing that occurs to oligosaccharides at each area of the Golgi.

A
  • cis Golgi network: phosphorylation of oligosaccharides on lyosomal proteins
  • cis Cisterna: removal of Mannose.
  • medial Cisterna: removal of Mannose, addition of GlcNAc.
  • trans Cisterna: addition of Galactose, addition of NANA.
  • trans Golgi network: sulfation of tyrosines and carbohydrates.
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14
Q

What percentage of eukaryotic proteins are glycosylated?

A

~50%

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15
Q

What is meant if an oligosaccharide is

a) N-linked?
b) O-linked?

A

a) N-linked = linked to Asparagine.

b) O-linked = linked to Threonine.

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16
Q

Give the 3 types of endosomes involved in processing endocytosed material.

A
  • early endosome
  • recycling endosome
  • late endosome
17
Q

Give the steps to membrane trafficking along the endocytic pathway.

A
  1. Vesicle formation at plasma membrane.
  2. Fusion of vesicle with early endosome.
  3. Decision made: degradation or recycling?
  4. Recycling occurs via recycling endosome
  5. Early endosome matures into late endosome
  6. Recycling from late endosome to Golgi.
  7. Maturation from late endosome into lysosome.
18
Q

In the endocytic pathway, what is the pH of the:

a) Early endosome?
b) Multivesicular carrier body?
c) Late endosome?
d) Lysosome?

A

a) Early endosome = 6.5
b) Multivesicular carrier body = 5.5
c) Late endosome = 4.5
d) Lysosome = 4.5

19
Q

What is the pH inside an acid hydrolase, e.g. protease and lipase?

A

~5.0

20
Q

What are the three potential pathways to degradation in lysosomes?

A
  • Phagocytosis
  • Pinocytose and receptor mediated endocytosis
  • Autophagy
21
Q

What is the definition of phagocytosis?

A

The endocytosis of large particles.

22
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

The endocytosis of solved proteins and molecules.

23
Q

What is autophagy?

A

The enclosure of cytosol and organelles into an Autophagosome.

24
Q

What happens to the Autophagosome under cell starvation?

A

It recycles the cytosol.

25
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

Single-membrane bound organelles, containing many enzymes, that are major sites of oxygen utilisation.

26
Q

Explain how a peroxisome is formed.

A
  • Budding off occurs from the Endoplasmic reticulum
  • A precursor vesicle is formed
  • Precursor vesicle grows by the uptake of cytosolic proteins and lipids
  • Becomes a peroxisome
27
Q

How many different enzymes are found in mammalian peroxisomes?

A

More than 50

28
Q

How many different peroxins are found in mammalian peroxisomes?

A

Over 20

29
Q

When detoxification occurs in peroxisomes, what is generated?

A

Hydrogen peroxide

30
Q

Give peroxisomes’ main roles in lipid metabolism.

A
  • Biosynthesis of cholesterol

- Breakdown of very long chain fatty acids (Beta-oxidation)

31
Q

In plant seeds, what converts fat into sugars?

A

Glyoxysomes

32
Q

What encloses a lipid body/droplet?

A

A monolayer

33
Q

What is a nucleomorph?

A
  • found in algae

- a DNA-containing ancestor of an engulfed eukaryote

34
Q

Where are lipid droplets made?

A

The endoplasmic reticulum

35
Q

What is the role of Fatty Acid Binding Protein?

A

Makes fatty acid water-soluble by binding it in hydrophobic pocket.

36
Q

What percentage of protein in liver cells is Fatty Acid Binding Protein?

A

5%

Cells (18 decks)

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