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Cells > Animal Cells (Part Six) > Flashcards

Animal Cells (Part Six) Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the movement of

a) Flagella
b) Cilia

A

a) Flagella = propeller-like motion

b) Cilia = back-and-forth beating

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2
Q

How many beats per second in the

a) Flagella?
b) Cilia?

A

a) Flagella = 10-40 beats/second

b) Cilia = 12-20 beats/second

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3
Q

Name the core of the cilium/flagellum.

What is it made from?

A

Core of cilium and flagellum = The Axoneme.

It is made from microtubules.

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4
Q

In what stage of mitosis do centrioles participate in microtubule formation?

A

Interphase

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5
Q

How many heads in the axonemal

a) Outer-arm dyenin?
b) Inner-arm dyenin?

A

a) Axonemal outer-arm dyenin = 3 heads

b) Axonemal inner-arm dyenin = 1 or 2 heads

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6
Q

Most cells form a non-motile primary cilium.

What is its function?

A
  • Detects signals that govern cell proliferation
  • Senses flow and bending
  • Essential for developmental processes
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7
Q

Give 6 places where non-motile cilia can be found in the human body.

A
  • Inner ear
  • Kidney
  • Bile duct
  • Pancreas
  • Bone/cartilage
  • Eye
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8
Q

What does a stimulus at a primary cilium result in?

A

Membrane depolarisation

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9
Q

What supports the formation and function of the cilium?

Explain.

A

Intraflagellar transport.

  • Rafts travel along the Axoneme.
  • Kinesin and dynein drive the bidirectional transport
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10
Q

Name the process by which actin polymerises.

A

Treadmilling

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11
Q

What are ‘stress fibres’ composed of?

A

F-actin and Myosin II.

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12
Q

What is cell motility useful for in the body?

A
  • Protecting against pathogens
  • Healing wounds
  • Organ development
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13
Q

Give the distinct steps where M-phase occurs.

A
  • Chromosome alignment
  • Chromosome separation
  • Cell division
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14
Q

Give the sub-phases of M-phase.

A
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
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15
Q

What happens during Prophase?

A
  • Chromosomes condense
  • Nuclear envelope disrupts
  • Spindle is formed
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16
Q

What happens during Metaphase?

A
  • Microtubules make contact with chromosomes

- Chromosomes are positioned in one plane

17
Q

What happens during Anaphase?

A
  • Microtubules and motors pull on chromosomes
  • Chromatids move to the poles
  • Rapid elongation of the spindle
  • Formation of a contractile ring
18
Q

What happens during Telophase?

A
  • Cell middle contracts and separates (Cytokinesis)
  • The chromosomes de-condense
  • The nuclear envelope is formed
19
Q

Name the structures that branch from the centrosome in the mitotic spindle.

A

Astral microtubules

20
Q

Name the structures that branch through the outer edges and centre of the mitotic spindle.

A

Polar microtubules

21
Q

Name the structures that are sandwich between polar microtubules in the mitotic spindle.

A

Kinetochor microtubules

22
Q

Name the drug used to test the significance of microtubules in mitosis.

A

Nocodazole

23
Q

Name the force that microtubules exert when they pull on chromosomes.

A

A “polar ejection force”

24
Q

Describe the contents of the contractile ring that forms near the cortex at the end of anaphase.

A
  • myosin
  • actin
  • regulators
  • actin-binding proteins
25
Q

How can cytokinesis be abolished?

A

Through the inhibition of myosin II

26
Q

What does a mitotic checkpoint monitor?

A

The correct attachment of the chromosomes before they get segregated in anaphase.

27
Q

Name the inner-membrane folds of the mitochondria.

A

The cristae

28
Q

How many nucleotides in the human mitochondrial genome?

A

~16,600 nucleotides

29
Q

How many genes make up the human mitochondrial genome?

A

37 genes

30
Q

What is Apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death

31
Q

Who discovered Apoptosis?

A

Carl Vogt

32
Q

How many cells die in the average adult each day due to Apoptosis?

A

50-70 billion

33
Q

Describe how apoptosis occurs.

A
  1. Stress triggers ‘apoptic signalling’.
  2. Apoptic proteins cause damage to the mitochondria
  3. Mitochondria release factors that activate apoptic enzymes that lead to the death of the cell.

Cells (18 decks)

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