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Cells > Plant Cells (Part One) > Flashcards

Plant Cells (Part One) Flashcards

1
Q

What is a granum?

A

A stack of thylakoids

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2
Q

What does the stroma contain?

A
  • Carbon-fixing enzymes
  • Chloroplast DNA
  • Ribosomes
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3
Q

What does the inner membrane contain?

A
  • Chloroplast import machinery

- Chloroplast export machinery

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4
Q

What is contained in the thylakoid space?

A
  • A light-capturing system

- ATP synthase

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5
Q

What percentage of sunlight that hits the leaf is absorbed by the plant?

A

~1%

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6
Q

What percentage of the energy absorbed by the plant is chemically bound?

A

28%

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7
Q

Give the main steps to the electron transport chain.

A
  1. Red light absorbed by chlorophyll, cleaving water to generate 1 oxygen, 4 protons and 4 electrons.
  2. The electron is transferred across the membrane which pumps 1 proton across the membrane.
  3. The electron is further excited in the photosystem I
  4. The electron is transferred onto NADP+ resulting in NADPH
  5. The proton gradient is utilised to generate ATP
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8
Q

Give the possibilities of where sugar ends up at the end of the Calvin cycle.

A
  • Exported into the cytosol, where synthesised with fructose to make sucrose, or converted into pyruvic acid
    which gets metabolised in mitochondria.
  • Maintained in stroma, where into starch that is stored in chloroplast and consumed at night.
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9
Q

Why are plants green?

A

Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light, but green light is reflected.

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10
Q

How many proteins are encoded in the circular genome of chloroplasts?

A

~75

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11
Q

What percentage of the proteins required for photosynthesis are encoded in the plant nucleus?

A

90%

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12
Q

What three structures can proplastids become?

What are the functions of these structures?

A
  • Chloroplasts (photosynthesis)
  • Amyloplasts (starch storage)
  • Chromoplasts (colouring)
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13
Q

Explain the steps to the colour change of leaves.

A
  1. Reduced photosynthesis, controlled by phytohormones.
  2. Cellular compartments degraded and recycled.
  3. Chloroplasts degrade into gerontoplasts.
  4. Breakdown products are stored in the plant vacuole.
  5. Anthocyanins are formed that protect against too much light and oxidative stress.
  6. Cells are killed, and recycled cellular components/molecules are released from the vacuole and delivered to the plant.
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14
Q

Name a pigment that absorbs yellow light.

A

Xanophylls

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15
Q

What stains the leaf yellow?

A

Carotinoide-containing chromoplasts become visible

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16
Q

What stains the leaf red?

A

Red anthocyanins are formed during senescence to protect enzymes against photo-damage.

17
Q

Give the three steps to the chloroplast photoreaction movement.

A
  1. Photoperception: Plant blue-light photoreceptors perceive the light
  2. Signal transduction: Calcium signaling.
  3. Chloroplast movement: Motor dependent movement of chloroplasts.
18
Q

What is required for cytoplasmic streaming?

A
  • Energy

- F-actin

19
Q

Give an alga in which cytoplasmic streaming is widely studied.

A

Nitella flexilis

20
Q

Give the speed of cytoplasmic streaming.

A

50-100 μm/s

21
Q

Describe the sliding theory of cytoplasmic streaming.

A
  • A mobile endoplasm moves against a stationary exoplasm

- This force is generated by myosin motors moving along actin cables.

22
Q

Give the three classes of myosin that plants contain.

A

XI, XIII and VIII

23
Q

What acts as glue between the primary and secondary cell wall in plants?

A

Pectin

24
Q

Describe the structure of the cell wall.

A
  • Composed of cellulose, which is made up of alpha-glucose and Beta-glucose
  • Hydrogen bonds form between the glucose polymers
25
Q

Describe differences between the primary and secondary cell wall.

A
  • Primary cell wall is flexible.

- Secondary cell wall is rigid and cellulose fibrils show a higher degree of order.

26
Q

What does the secondary cell wall consist of?

A
  • Cellulose
  • Xylan
  • Lignin
27
Q

What does the primary cell wall consist of?

A
  • Cellulose
  • Hemicellulose
  • Pectin
28
Q

What percentage of a plant is water?

A

95%

Cells (18 decks)

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