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Cells > Animal Cells (Part Five) > Flashcards

Animal Cells (Part Five) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the grouping of intermediate filament types based on?

A
  • central rod domain amino acid sequences
  • net acidic charge
  • secondary structure
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2
Q

What is the general function of intermediate filaments?

A
  • providing mechanical strength
  • organising cytoplasmic architecture
  • signalling
  • regulating transcription
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3
Q

What are intermediate filaments composed of?

A

A broad range of different coiled-coil protein subunits

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4
Q

True or False:

Intermediate filaments are found in all organisms.

A

FALSE.

Intermediate filaments are only found in animal cells.

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5
Q

Describe the assembly of intermediate filaments

A

Self-assemble into an apolar filament.

Do not require ATP or GTP for assembly.

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6
Q

What forms the nuclear lamina?

A

Intermediate filaments

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7
Q

What is the role of lamina?

A
  • provide stability

- organise the nucleus

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8
Q

Why might intermediate filaments disassemble into subunits?

A

To allow cell movement

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9
Q

How many different intermediate filaments participate in development and function of the vertebrate eye lens?

A

7

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10
Q

Describe the role of intermediate filaments in the eye lens.

A
  • Determine the optical properties of the eye lens

- Critical to lens transparency

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11
Q

Name the three molecular motors.

A
  • Dyenin
  • Kinesin
  • Myosin
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12
Q

Which molecular motors are microtubule-associated?

A
  • Dyenin

- Kinesin

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13
Q

Which molecular motor is actin-associated?

A

Myosin

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14
Q

Which molecular motor is the longest?

A

Myosin

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15
Q

Which molecular motor has the largest motor domains?

A

Dyenin

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16
Q

What is the role of

a) Myosin II?
b) Myosin V?

A

a) Myosin II = muscle myosin

b) Myosin V = membrane trafficking

17
Q

Towards which end of the microtubule do the following molecular motors move:

a) Kinesin?
b) Dyenin?

A

a) Kinesin = towards the ‘plus’ end

b) Dyenin = towards the ‘minus’ end

18
Q

Describe how dyenin and kinesin move differently to avoid collisions.

A
  • Dyenin ‘dances’ on the microtubule, using several protofilaments.
  • Kinesin stays on the same protofilament and ‘walks’ in a straight line.
19
Q

What shapes the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Molecular motors

20
Q

How long would an average organelle, 1 micrometer in diameter, take to diffuse 30cm?

A

21 thousand years

21
Q

What is meant by

a) Anterograde transport?
b) Retrograde transport?

A

a) Anterograde transport = Minus to plus end (e.g. cell body to synapse)
b) Retrograde transport = Plus to minus end (e.g. synapse to cell body)

22
Q

What percentage of your body is muscle?

A

40%

23
Q

What percentage of your muscle is

a) Protein?
b) Actin?

A

a) Protein = 20%

b) Actin = 12-15%

24
Q

What are the units of structure within a muscle called?

A

Sarcomeres

25
Q

Name the structure that connects the thin filaments in two adjacent sarcomeres.

A

Z-disk

26
Q

What do thick filaments in sarcomeres consist of?

A

Myosin II

27
Q

What do thin filaments in sarcomeres consist of?

A

F-actin (and associated proteins)

28
Q

Describe how muscle contraction is controlled.

A
  1. Stimulus from neuron spreads over the plasma membrane of the muscle cell
  2. Depolarisation of membrane releases calcium from the ER into the cytoplasm
  3. Binding of calcium to the troponin complex releases the block of the myosin binding site on actin
  4. Calcium is removed by calcium pumps and myosin releases the actin filament.
29
Q

Where does myosin walk on the sarcomere?

A

On the Z-disk

30
Q

How many times does heart muscle contract during the course of a human lifetime?

A

3 billion times

Cells (18 decks)

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