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Cells > Things I Don't Know > Flashcards

Things I Don't Know Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Spitzenkörper?

A

An aggregation of secretory and endocytic recycling vesicles and the growing tip of fungal hyphal cells.

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2
Q

Name an enzyme that synthesises the fungal cell wall at the hyphal tip.

A

Beta-1,3-D-glucan synthase

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3
Q

What are Woronin bodies?

A

Structures derived from peroxisomes that block septa and form seals between cells in a hypha.

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4
Q

What percentage of chloroplast proteins are encoded by the nucleus?

A

90%

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5
Q

What can chloroplasts convert into?

A
  • Chromoplasts (pigment synthesis)

- Amyloplasts (starch storage)

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6
Q

Why does a leaf appear yellow during senescence?

A

Carotinoide-containing chromoplasts become visible

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7
Q

Why does a leaf appear red during senescence?

A

Red anthocyanin are formed to protect enzymes against photo-damage.

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8
Q

Describe the process of cytoplasmic streaming.

A

An endoplasm moves over a stationary exoplasm, driven by myosins.

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9
Q

Name the specialised membrane-bound compartments found in prokaryotes, and state their function.

A
  • Magnetosomes; detect Earth’s magnetic field.
  • Thylakoid membranes; function in photosynthesis.
  • Nuclear compartments; hold circular chromosomes.
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10
Q

Name the group of prokaryotes in which you can find thylakoid membranes.

A

Cyanobacteria

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11
Q

Name the group of prokaryotes in which you can find a nuclear compartment.

A

Planctomycetes

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12
Q

hat is the role of FtsZ?

A

Forms a ring and the division zone, and aids cell separation.

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13
Q

Which types of motility in bacteria depend on a rotating flagellum?

A

Swimming and swarming.

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14
Q

What is the gliding of bacteria often associated with?

A

Polarised secretion of material.

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15
Q

What is twitching motility based on?

A

Type 4 pilli, which extend and contract to pull cell over surfaces.

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16
Q

How can cytosillic bacteria escape the phagocytic vesicle?

A

By polymerising host actin at one end of the cell

17
Q

Describe the growth of yeast and hyphal fungi.

A 
Yeast = isotrophic growth.
Hyphal = polarised growth.
18
Q

What is the main component of the mitotic spindle?

A

Microtubules

19
Q

What is the purpose of a mitotic checkpoint?

A

Monitors the correct attachment of chromosomes before they are segregated in anaphase.

20
Q

How is cytokinesis accomplished in animals and fungi?

A

Through the formation and contraction of an actin-myosin2 ring, formed in anaphase.

21
Q

In aerobic respiration, name the mechanism through which protons flow through the inner membrane into the mitochondrial matrix, generating ATP.

A

F0F1-ATP synthase

22
Q

What is the role of an adherens junction?

A

Organises cellular actin

23
Q

In which kingdoms does apoptosis occur?

A

Plants, animals, and fungi

24
Q

Define a virus

A

A particle of RNA or DNA that is protected by a protein coat.

25
Q

Name the extracellular form of a virus.

A

A virion.

26
Q

Describe the structure of a naked virus.

A

Genetic material (RNA or DNA) and enzymes, surrounded by proteins.

27
Q

Describe the structure of an enveloped virus.

A

RNA/DNA surrounded by a double membrane of lipids and integral proteins.

28
Q

Describe the structure of a complex virus.

A

A naked virus with a tail (made up of numerous proteins).

29
Q

Give the lifecycle of a complex virus.

A

1) Attachment to a host cell
2) Injection of RNA/DNA
3) Replication of genetic material
4) Synthesis of coat and tail proteins
5) Assembly of visions in host cell
6) Release of visions after host cell lysis

30
Q

How does an enveloped virus enter a host cell?

A
  • By endocytosis
    OR
  • By fusion of the viral lipid oat with the host plasma membrane.
31
Q

What kind of virus is HIV?

A

Enveloped

32
Q

What is the role of D-peptides?

A

Bind to viral proteins, preventing their conformational change, thus avoiding fusion of the viral membrane with the host.

Cells (18 decks)

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