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Boards > Cardiovascular Physiology > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Physiology Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Conduits
  2. Create Resistance
  3. Exchange
  4. Capacitance
A
  1. Large and small arteries
  2. Arterioles
  3. Capillaries
  4. Large and small veins
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2
Q

Negative resting potential of K and Na in heart

A

IC [K] > EC [K]

EC [Na]

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3
Q

Action potential phases

A

Phase 0: rapid depolarization (increased Na+ permeability)
Phase 1: slight repolarization (Cl- follows in)
Phase 2: plateau (Na and Ca in, K out)
Phase 3: rapid repolarization (increased K permeability)
Phase 4: restoration (active Na/K pumps)

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4
Q

Steps of contraction

A
  1. Depolarization
  2. Ca2+ to myofilaments during phase 2
  3. Ca2+ binds to troponin C
  4. Troponin-I slides off actin
  5. Binding site for myosin uncovered
  6. Power stroke with resulting shortening
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5
Q

Stages of contraction

A

Atrial systole –> isovolumetric contraction –> rapid ejection –> isovolumetric relaxation –> rapid ventricular filling

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6
Q

Heart sounds

A

I: MV and TV closure
II: AV and PV closure
III: rapid filling sound (MR, TR, ASD)
IV: atrial systolic sound (AS, PS, HTN)

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7
Q

Nicotinic receptor locations

A

All autonomic ganglion
Adrenal medulla
Neuromuscular junction

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8
Q

Muscarinic receptor locations

A

All effector organs

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9
Q

Alpha receptors

A

Excitatory except in GI tract

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10
Q

Beta receptors

A

Inhibitory (except in heart)

Beta 1: heart
Beta 2: bronchi, blood vessels

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11
Q

6 functions of the cardiovascular system

A

Transport and distribution of metabolic material
Removal of metabolic waste
Regulation of body temperature
Humoral communication from source to target
Adjustment of oxygen and nutrient conditions
Defense system against foreign invasion

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12
Q

What vessels have the highest pressure and smallest cross sectional area

A

Arteries

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13
Q

What vessels have the highest pressure drop and lowest blood volume

A

Arterioles

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14
Q

What vessels have the largest cross sectional area and lowest velocity

A

Capillaries

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15
Q

What vessels have the most volume and lowest blood pressure

A

Veins

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16
Q

Resting action potential

A

-90mV

17
Q

3 membrane characteristics that cause resting potential to be -90mV

A
  1. High K inside, high Na outside, but K diffuses out much more easily than Na diffuses in
  2. Negatively charged proteins inside cell that can not diffuse out
  3. Na/K pump pumps more Na out then it does K in
18
Q

Threshold value of action potential

A

-60 to -70mV

19
Q

Only phase in action potential that requires oxygen and energy

A

Phase 4 because use Na/K pump

Explains why ST segments in EKG show oxygen delivery

20
Q

Two gates for the rapid Na channels

A

M gate: activation
H gate: deactivation

M gate opens to allow rapid depolarization, H gate closes at -50 to -60mV (plateau phase)

21
Q

5 difference between action potential of cardiac muscle cells and conduction cells

A
  1. Resting potential of -60 to -70
  2. Slow rising phase 0 (have much fewer Ma fast channels)
  3. No phase 1
  4. No plateau
  5. Gradually Depolarizing phase 4 (K accumulates in cell over time)
22
Q

Example of drug that will increase slow of conduction cell phase 4 (so increases heart rate)

A

Norepinephrine

23
Q

Examples of drugs that will decrease slope of phase 4 in conduction cells (slow heart rate)

A

Acetylcholine
Procainamide
Quinidine

24
Q

Affect of a positive change (toward 0mV) of threshold potential

A

Takes longer to reach, slows heart rate

25
Q

Affect of a positive change (toward 0mV) of resting potential

A

Less time to reach threshold, increases heart rate

26
Q

3 components of troponin

A

Troponin t: binding site to troponyosin
Troponin c: binding site for calcium
Troponin I: hides binding site on actin for myosin

27
Q

Optimal sarcomere length for maximum contraction strength

A

2.2 to 2.3 microns

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