19 Mycobacterial diseases Flashcards

1
Q

How are mycobacteria different to all other bacteria? (4)

A

Waxy cell wall- high lipid content.
Slow growing.
Poor gram staining (ghost cells).
Acid fast bacilli (Ziehl Neelsen, Phenol Auramine).

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2
Q

Name three atypical mycobacteria:

Why are they atypical?

A

M. avium.
M. kansasii.
M. marinum.
Lack of person-person transmission.

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3
Q

What is primary tuberculosis? (4)

A

Usually in periphery of mid zone lung.
Inhaled bacilli phagocytosed by macrophages. Gohn focus in hilar lymph nodes.
Intracellular multiplication and dissemination.

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4
Q

Describe tubercle formation (the body’s response to primary TB):

A

Cell mediated granuloma formation.
Central area of epitheliod and giant cells (capable of TB killing).
Central area of caseous necrosis, fibrosis and calcification.
Surrounding lymphocytic infiltration.
May remain viable for 20 years.

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5
Q

When does reactivation Tuberculosis occur? (8)

A

Lowered immunity.
Western: 50yo men.
Malnutrition/alcoholism/debilitating illness.
HIV infection.
Silicosis, chronic renal failure, gastrectomy.
Anti TNFα blockade (infliximab).

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6
Q

How does TB reactivate and where does it do it?

Symptoms? (5)

A

Tubercles coalesce and cavitate.
Lung apices (oxygen tension).
Chronic productive cough, haemoptysis, weight loss, fever, night sweats.

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7
Q

What are the symptoms of TB meningitis? (6)

A
Insidious onset
Unidentified fever
Personality change
Focal neurological deficit
Mild meningism.
May lack constitutional quartet.
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8
Q

What is the constitutional quartet associated with TB?

A

Fever.
Night sweats.
Anorexia.
Weight loss.

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9
Q

How is TB diagnosed using microbiology? (4)

A

3 early morning sputum specimens.
Direct microscopy for AFBs.
Lowenstein-Jensen culture (3-4wks).
Broth culture

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10
Q

Whys is PCR used less than culture for TB diagnosis? (3)

A

Less sensitive than culture.
Expensive.
Not 100% specific.

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11
Q

What is the Xpert MTB/RIF test?

A

Direct to sputum, 2hr result.

Highly specific and sensitive.

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12
Q

What is the treatment for standard pulmonary TB?

Meningeal?

A

First 2months: isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol. Next 4 months: isoniazid, rifampicin.

12 months + initial corticosteroids

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13
Q

Which drugs are MDR and XDR resistant to?

2, 3

A

MDR: isoniazid + rifampicin.
XDR: fluoroquinolone + isonazid + rifampicin.

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14
Q

Which are the new drugs with shorter treatment times for TB? (3)

A

Bedaloquine.
Delamanid.
Pa-824.

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15
Q

What tests are available for TB? (3)

A

Mantoux test.
Interferon gamma release assays.
TB specific antigens: ESAT6 and CFP10.

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16
Q

What is the BCG vaccine and who is it given to? (2)

A

Attenuated M bovis stain.

Neon or exposure risk.

17
Q

What does Mycobacterium avium cause? (3)

Treatment?

A

Disseminated disease in HIV +ve.
Pulmonary TB.
Cervical lymphadenitis in children.
Macrolide: clarithromycin/ azithromycin.

18
Q

What does Mycobacterium leprae cause? (w types)

A

Tuberculoid - macules/plaques, ulnear/common peroneal nerve.

Lepromatous - subcutaneous tissue accumulation, leonine facies.

19
Q

How is Mycobacterium leprae treated? (3)

A

Dapsone.
Rifampicin.
Clofazimine.

20
Q

What is miliary TB?
How does it occur?
Who in?

A

Extra-pulmonary + disseminated.
Erosion of necrotic tubercle into blood vessel.
Very young/old, immunocompromised.

21
Q

Where are the extra-pumnoary sites of TB spread? (8)

A
Pleura
Lymph nodes
Kidneys
Epididymis
Bone
Intestines
Brain / meninges
Pericardium.