57 Musculoskeletal 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are sarcomas?

How do they behave?

A

Malignant tumours of soft tissue.

Lymph involvement uncommon. Spread via blood to liver, lung.

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2
Q

Which syndrome is associated with fibromatosis?

A

Gardner syndrome.

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3
Q

What is Carney syndrome associated with? (2).

A

Myxoma.

Melanotic Schwannoma.

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4
Q

Which syndrome is associated with cystic hygroma?

A

Turner syndrome.

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5
Q

How are soft tissue tumours diagnosed? (3).

A

Ultrasound core biopsy.
Cytogenetics.
Molecular genetics: FISH, PCR.

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6
Q

What is an osteochondroma?

A

A tumour of both bone and cartilage.

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7
Q

Where do osteosarcomas commonly occur? (3).

In who?

A

Distal femur, proximal tibia, or humerus.

Adolescents.

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8
Q

What type of tumours are Ewing’s sarcoma and

Giant cell Tumours?

A

Bone tumours.

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9
Q

Which tumours commonly metastasise to the bone? (5).

A
Thyroid.
Prostate.
Kidney.
Breast.
GI tract.
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10
Q

Where do osteochondromas typically occur?

A

Near epiphyses of long bones.

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11
Q

Where and in who do chondromas commonly occur?

A

Medullary bone near metaphysis.

20-50 y/o. Men.

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12
Q

What are the radiographic features of an osteosarcoma? (2).

A

Medullary destruction.

Aggressive periosteal reaction (sunburst type and conman triangle.

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13
Q

What is systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)?

What does it lead to? (5).

A

Autoimmune fibrosis of subcutaneous tissue.

Raynauds, skin thickening, polyarthritis, dysphagia, hypertension.

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14
Q

What is CREST syndrome?

A
Localised version of scleroderma:
Calcinosis.
Raynaud's phenomenon.
Oesophageal dysfunction.
Sclerodactyly.
Telangiectasia (spider veins).
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15
Q

What are the symptoms of polymalgia rheumatica?

A

Stiffness, weakness, aching and pain in muscles of neck, limb girdles and upper limbs.

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16
Q

What is polymyalgia rheumatica associated with? (1).

A

Giant cell arteritis.

17
Q

What is malignant hyperthermia?

A

Inherited disease.

General anaesthesia leads to a fast body temperature rise and muscle contraction.

18
Q

What are the signs of malignant hyperthermia? (4).

A

Bleeding.
Dark brown urine.
Muscle rigidity.
Quick rise to 40.5oC or higher.

19
Q

What is rhabdomyolysis?

A

Destruction of skeletal muscle and release of contents into blood.

20
Q

What are the causes of rhabdomyolysis? (6).

A
Trauma.
Cocaine/amphetamines.
Extreme temperature.
Extreme exertion.
Lengthy surgery.
Severe dehydration.
21
Q

What is an important acute complication of rhabdomyolysis?

A

Acute renal failure.