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uWorld Flashies > uWorld 5 > Flashcards

uWorld 5 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the most common cause of bronchitis

A

tobacco smoke (not occupational exposure)

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2
Q

what causes tetralogy of fallot

A

anterior and cephalic deception of the INFUNDIBULAR SEPTUM during embryologic development
abnormal neural crest cell migration
cyanosis due to Right Ventricular Outflow Tract obstruction (pulmonary stenosis)- harsh systolic ejection murmur over the mid-to-left upper sternal border

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3
Q

how can cancer cells evade apoptosis via FasR-Fas pathway

A

SPLICE OUT a particular exon that codes the TRANSMEMBRANE DOMAIN of the FasR which allows them to EVADE APOPTOSIS

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4
Q

fibrinolytics (tPA, reteplace, tenecteplace) can cause what on arterial re-opening

A 
reprofusion arrhythmia 
accelerated idioventricular (AIVR) rhythm is a common reprofusion arrhythmia
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5
Q

what part of the lung is affected by aspiration while eating on back

A

posterior segment of the right upper lobe and superior segments of the lower lobes
(right lobe always more common b/c more vertically oriented)

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6
Q

what part of the lung is affected in patients who aspirate in upright (or semi-recumbent) positions

A

basilar segments of the right lower lobe

right lobe always more common b/c more vertically oriented

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7
Q

what is acute intermittent porphyria

A

defect in porphobilinogen deaminase

acute attacks of abdominal pain, neuropsychiatric symptoms and RED OR BROWN URINE

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8
Q

what is porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) (most common porphyria)

A

defects in uroprophyrinogen decarboxylase

chronic photosensitivity with blistering in areas of sun exposure and elevated levels of uroporphyrinogen in urine

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9
Q

when would one see elevated zinc protoporphyrin levels

A

lead poisoning

b/c ferrocheletase cannot incorporate iron to form heme it incorporates zinc instead

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10
Q

what medication selectively decreases the heart rate but has no effect on myocardial contractility or relaxation

A

IVABRADINE- used in chronic HF w. reduced ejection fraction and persistent symptoms- reduces risk of hospitalization

affects the FUNNY SODIUM CHANNELS thereby prolonging the slow depolarization phase (phase 4)

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11
Q

what is Murphy sign and what does it signify

A

inspiratory pause elicited by pain during deep palpation of right upper quadrant
seen in acute calculus cholecystitis

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12
Q

what does lecithin hydrolysis and mucosal damage do in cholecystitis and what causes it

A

gallbladder outflow obstruction causes it
persistent obstruction promotes hydrolysis of luminal lecithins to lysolechitihins which disrupts protective mucosal layer

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13
Q

what happens if loop diuretics are used with NSAIDs

A

decreased diuretic response

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14
Q

what drugs would increase QRS complex but but have little effect on QT interval and what ion channel they fuckgin with

A

Class 1C antiarrhymics (flecainide) by clocking the sodium channels
QRS complex corresponds to ventricular depolarization and phase 0 of the myocardial action potential

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15
Q

pancreatic juice is what type of secretion (iso, hypo, hyper-tonic) and what ions are in the same concentrations as plasma and what ions are differnet

A

isotonic secretion
Sodium and potassium are in the same concentrations as found in the blood
BICARD is INCREASED in pancreatic juice
CHLORIDE is DECREASED in pancreatic juice

as pancreatic flow rates increase bicarb goes up and chloride goes down in the pancreatic juice

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16
Q

what is the only heart chamber to lie lateral to the midclavicular line

A

left ventricle

all other chambers are medial to MCL

17
Q

patients with IL-12 deficiency suffer from what and how can this be treated

A

severe mycobacterial infections due to the inability to mount a strong cell-mediated granulomatous immune response
treated with IFN-gamma

18
Q

in a patient with flank pain, hematuria, elevated lactate dehydrogenase (cell necrosis) and a wedge shaped infarct (coagulative necrosis) on CT- think RENAL INFARCT, what causes this?

A

systemic thromboembolism from ATRAIL FIBRILLATION- irregular heart contractions can lead to clot formation
MI and endocarditis can cause this too

19
Q

how do external hemorrhoid drain

A

inferior rectal vein into the internal pudendal vein which communicates with the internal iliac vein

20
Q

the superior vesicle artery supplies what

A

bladder

ductus deferens

21
Q

the left colic artery is a branch off what and supplies what

A

branch off IMA

suppers transverse and descending colon

22
Q

what disinfectant works by coagulation of cytoplasm and disruption of cell membranes

A

chlorhexidine (not sporicidal)

23
Q

what disinfectant works by denaturation of proteins and disruption of cell membranes

A

alcohols (not sporicidal)

24
Q

what disinfectant works by halogenation of proteins and nucleic acids

A

iodine (SPORICIDAL)

25
Q

how is hydrogen peroxide a disinfectant

A

produces destructive free radicals that oxidize cellular components (SPORICIDAL)

26
Q

what is the most common cause of turner syndrome

A

paternal meiotic nondisjunction

loss of SHOX gene which is responsible for long bone growth

27
Q

what vitamin is necessary of transamination and decarboxylation of amino acids (for gluconeogeneiss and other essential biochemical pathways)

A

pyridoxine (B6)

28
Q

transamination reactions typically occur between what

A

amino acid and alpha-leto acid

amino group is transferred to the alpha-kets acid from the amino acid making the alpha-leto acid an amino acid

29
Q

what is a cofactor for all 4 carboxylase enzymes (pyruvate, acetyl-coe, propionyl-CoA, 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA)

A

biotin (B7)

30
Q

what vitamin is an important coenzyme for a number of important dehydrogenase enzymes (transketolase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase)

A

Thiamine (B1)

31
Q

what is listerolysin-O

A

pore-forming toxin of listeria that is selectively activated within acidified phagosomes
allows listeria to lyse the vacuolar membrane

32
Q

how is listeria removed from the body in a healthy person

A

cell-mediated immunity

33
Q

what characteristics of drugs make them more susceptible to hepatic metabolism and clearance (when non-renal clearance is desired)

A

highly lipophilic and high volume of distribution
(highly lipophilic drugs tend to be poorly eliminated in the kidney as these agents rapidly cross tubular cell membranes after filtration to reenter the tissues

34
Q

the right middle lobe of the lung lies immediately adjacent to what structure

A

right border of the heart which on a PA chest x-ray corresponds to the RIGHT ATRIUM

35
Q

what are specific features of hyperthyroidism due SPECIFICALLY to GRAVES disease

A

pretrial myxedema and exophthalmos

both due to build up of GAGs within the affected tissues

uWorld Flashies (62 decks)

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