uWorld 36 Flashcards
the RER is the site of synthesis of what
SECRETORY, LYSOSOMAL, an integral MEMBRANE proteins
post-translational medication before going to golgi
what is made in the SER
STEROID and PHOSPHOLIPID
also detoxifies numerous drugs (especially in hepatocytes)
all-steroid producing cells (cells in ADRENALS, GONADS, and LIVER) contain WELL-DEVELOPED SER
sarcoplasmic reticulum of striated muscle cells is a specialized SER
cells that have HIGHLY-DEVELOPED SMOOTH endoplasmic reticulum
STEROID PRODUCING CELLS:
ADRENALS (all cortex made things are cholesterol-derived steroid hormones)
GONADS
LIVER
when should one confront a terminally ill patient their denial stage of grief
if it is affecting their medical care (refusing treatment) or significant relationships
if this isn’t happening but they are in denial then encourage them to focus on short-term plans to maximize participation in areas that give meaning to their life
what cells are CD-19 positive
B cells
what does parvovirus B19 use to attach to human erythroid cells
erythrocyte P antigen (globoside)
what does EBV use to attach too CD21 (aka CR2)
gp350
CD21 is the cellular receptor for C3d complement component found on B cells and nasopharyngeal epithelial cells
acute onset dyspnea, hypoxemia, and hypocapnea are consistent with that
alveolar HYPERVENTILATION
assuming normal metabolic CO2 production, HYPOCAPNEA implies what
alveolar HYPERVENTILATION
EXAMPLE:
can be due to V/Q mismatch that causes DECREASED O2 and CO2 exchange (PNEUMONIA or PE)
-resultant hypoxemia triggers peripheral chemoreceptors and increases the respiratory drive above normal levels
-leads to excess CO2 excretion by the lungs, resulting in HYPOcapnea
-HYPOXEMIA PERSISTS b/c blood flowing through highly oxygenated lung cannot absorb extra O2 to compensate for the hypoxemic blood returning form the tissues
-TX is O2 and fixing underlying problem
upper airway obstruction, reduced ventilatory drive, respiratory muscle fatigue, and decreased chest wall compliance are all possible causes of what
HYPERcapnea and HYPOventilation
what acts as the central regulator of iron hemostasis
HEPCIDIN (acute phase reactant form liver)
↑ iron levels and inflammatory conditions → ↑ hepcidin synthesis
hypoxia and erythropoiesis → ↓ hepcidin synthesis
hepcidin interacts with FERROPORTIN (a transmembrane protein responsible for transferring intracellular iron to the circulation)
-upon binding hepcidin, ferroportin is internalized and degraded, ↓ intestinal iron absorption and inhibiting release of iron by macrophages
what brain tumors are collectively called gliomas and stain GFAP positive
astrocytomas
oligodendrogliomas
ependymomas
transposition of the great arteries is incompatible with life unless what is present
patent foramen ovale, septal defect, PATENT DUCTUS ARTEROSIS to allow for MIXING of the oxygenated blood with systemic blood
pts are tachypneic, cyanotic, and tachycardic
BLUNT AORTIC INJURY (traumatic aortic rupture) most commonly due to motor vehicle collisions occurs where
AORTIS ISTHMUS (tethered by the ligamentum arteriosum and is relatively fixed and immobile compared to the rest of aorta)
mechanism of injury involved SUDDEN DECELERATION that results in extreme stretching and torsional forces affecting the heart and aorta
most die before getting to hospital but may see chest pain, back pain, or shortness of breath w/ a WIDENED MEDIASTINUM on CXR
what are the symptoms of acute encephalitis and those specifically related to HSV encephalitis
HEADACHE, FEVER, MENTAL STATUS changes (lethargy, disorientation), CN deficits (Bells Palsy), SEIZURES
HSV Encephalitis:
temporal lobe damage- APHASIA and PERSONALITY CHANGES (hyper sexuality, aggression)
where is toxoplasma encephalitis usually found
RING-ENHANCING lesions of PARIETAL or FRONTAL loves
