Specimen paper Flashcards
- A 36-year-old male presents with “over shooting” and “dance-like” movements
Huntingtons - Corpus striatum, striatum indirect pathways die
corpus striatum = caudate nucleus, the putamen, the nucleus accumbens (or ventral striatum) and the globus pallidus
-selective loss of striatal neurons in the indirect pathway
-choreiform movements: involuntary, continuous movement of the body, especially of the extremities and face
- A 68-year-old male develops stooped posture, small-stepped gait and small handwriting.
Parkinson’s - Substantia nigra cells die
Parkinson’s disease is characterized by slowness or absence of movement (bradykinesia or akinesia), rigidity, and a resting tremor
- loss of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta
- less dopamine
An elderly man presenting with recent worsening of bone pain and found to have an enlarged and bowed tibia.
Answer: G – Paget’s disease of bone
Paget’s is caused by the excessive breakdown and formation of bone, followed by disorganized bone remodeling. This causes affected bone to weaken, resulting in pain, misshapen bones, fractures and arthritis in the joints near the affected bones.
- An elderly lady with bone pain, hypocalcaemia, hypophosphataemia and increased serum alkaline phosphatase activity.
Answer: E - Osteomalacia
Osteomalacia is the softening of the bones caused by deactivated bone mineralization primarily due to inadequate levels of available phosphate and calcium, or because of resorption of calcium.
(rickets in children)
- A young man with an inflamed knee joint, pain on micturition and painful, red eyes.
Answer: Immunodeficiency
State two potential psychosocial implications of infertility?
Any 2 of: Anxiety/depression, relationship difficulties/breakdown, social stigma
State a reason why infertility might be increasing in the general population
Delaying having a family until older ages, higher incidence of STIs and associated pelvic inflammatory disease, more awareness of/demand for treatment
Dr Chew Ball, an eminent renal expert, is in his laboratory working with a kidney preparation. He has isolated part of a tubule from ther lumen of which large quantities of glucose and amino acids are re-entering the circulation. What part of the kidney is he studying?
Proximal convoluted tubule
Whilst pushing his highly sensitive miniature microscope along the lumen of a tubule he finds some epithelial cells that flat rather than cuboidal. What part of the tubule is he looking at?F
Loop of Henle thin
