Learn!

Question 1

What is opportunity cost?

Answer 1

The cost of an opportunity missed the sacrifice of the benefits forgone from not allocating resources to the best thing

Question 2

Upper oesophageal sphincter?

Answer 2

Circopharyngeus

Question 3

Which 2 cranial nerves are involved in changing arterial pressure, working via the cardiovascular centre in the medulla?

Answer 3

Glossopharyngeal, vagus

Question 4

1. The first and second heart sounds correspond to which part of the cardiac cycle?

Answer 4

1. first (closure of atrioventricular valves) , second (closure of semilunar valves)

Question 5

1. The apex beat is at which surface marking?

Answer 5

1. left mid-clavicular in the 5th intercostal space

Question 6

In terms of FEV1 and FVC, what is the restrictive pattern and what is the obstructive pattern? Name one obstructive lung disease and one restrictive lung disease?

Answer 6

Restrictive pattern: decreased FVC and FEV1 (the ratio is the same = >80%) e.g. asbestosis

Obstructive pattern: decreased FEV1 (ratio decreased) e.g. asthma, chronic bronchitis…c.f. obstructive + restrictive, e.g. emphysema

Question 7

When does the coronary arteries get their blood supply to the heart? Which part of the clinical monitoring the patient will tell us if the patient’s heart is perhaps not getting enough blood supply?

Answer 7

Systole

Question 8

What is Murphy’s sign?

Answer 8

Gall bladder inflammation

Question 9

What lies on the transpyloric plane?

Answer 9

L1, gall bladder, plyrorus, pancreas, speleen, orgin of SMA and portal vein, hilum of L & R kidney, 2nd part of duodenum

Question 10

The reticuloendothelial system refers to what?

Answer 10

part of the immune system, consists of the phagocytic cells located in reticular connective tissue, primarily monocytes and macrophages

Question 11

1. Where in the gut is iron absorbed?

Answer 11

D & J

Question 12

Atrial natriuretic peptide is secreted from where? What does it do?

Answer 12

In the atria – strong vasodilator, loses water and sodium, lower BP

Question 13

• Jaundice- name one blood condition that causes jaundice, name one hereditary condition that cuses jaundice, one hepatic condition that causes jaundice and one post-hepatic cause of jaundice
• Name three viruses that can cause jaundice

Answer 13

haemolysis, sickle cell disease, Hepatitis, carcinoma of the pancreas

Question 14

1. Which immunoglobulin lines the mucosal tracts? Which immunoglobulin rises first in an infection?

Answer 14

IgA - mucosal tract

IgM - first in infection

Question 15

1. The second intercostals space of the right concerns which part of the heart when auscultating?

Answer 15

Aortic area

Question 16

Platelets are produced where and in what precursor cell? Platelets produce what substances?

Answer 16

1. bone marrow, megkaryocyte, growth factors, cytokines, chemokines

Question 17

1. What makes up the porta hepatis?

Answer 17

1. hepatic portal vein, the hepatic artery proper, the common hepatic duct, nerves and lymphatics

Question 18

Define incidence.

Define prevalence.

Answer 18

1. the rate at which new cases occur in a population during a specified time period
2. the proportion of a population that have the disease at a point in time

Question 19

1. What is a confidence interval and what does it tell you

2. Know how to calculate the 95% confidence interval from given data (learn the equation)

Answer 19

1. the ranges of values gathered from observation data which indicate where parameter values are likely to lie
2. 95% Confidence Interval = mean +/- 2*Standard Error (of the mean) SE = spread of the mean

Question 20

1. Name 3 essential amino acids.

Answer 20

1. valine, lysine, leucine, phenylalanine

Question 21

Sources of vitamins

Answer 21

A: milk products, egg yolk liver, carrots (good for eyesight);

B: milk liver, cereals (carbohydrate metabolism);

C: citrus fruits and vegetables (in Britain, not surprisingly potatoes, collagen formation);

D: liver and fish oil (*is toxic large does must be avoided, bone formation);

E (a-tocopherol): vegetable oil, eggs and wholemeal cereals (sex hormone, antioxidant);

K: green leafy vegetables and meat (coagulation factors; II, XII, IX and X)

Question 22

Stress affects the CVS by increasing its sympathetic stimulation to 3 things, what are they?

Answer 22

SA node -causes increase in HR,

Myocardium- increases stroke volume because of stronger contractions,

Arterioles- constricts and increases resistance and therefore b.p

Question 23

1. The length of the air-blood barrier in alveoli

Answer 23

1. 0.8 μm

Question 24

the study reports a rate ration of 1.76 to compare the risk of cardiac death between the
penicillin V and clarithromycin groups. This implies that:

Answer 24

Clarithromycin is associated with an increased in the incidence of cardiac death of 76% compared to penicillin V.

Question 25

3 roles of alveolar macrophages

Answer 25

Antigen presenting cell
Producing cytokines activate lymphocytes
phagocytose