SAQ 2011

Question 1

What three things comprise a respiratory acinus?

Answer 1

Resp acinus is are the ONLY PLACEs GASEOUS EXCHANGE OCCURS = RESP BRONCHIOLE, ALVEOLAR AND ALVEOLI

Question 2

Describe histo of clara cells and where they are found

Answer 2

CLARA CELLS = MOSTLY TERMINAL BROCHIOLES, ROUGH ER + GRANULES = SECRETORY

Question 3

1. What part of your respiratory tract lies behind sternal angle?

Answer 3

Trachea = the CARINA IS BIFURCATION @ T4

Question 4

Which cell types produce...
Gastrin
HCl
Intrinsic factor
pepsinogen

Answer 4

• G cell
• Parietal (B12-intrinsic factor @ terminal ileum)
• Chief cells

Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by hcl in stomach

Question 5

Where in the stomach is each cell type found

Answer 5

G cell - antrum
Parietal - body and fundus
Chief cell - body, fundus and pylorus
Enterchromaffin like cell - releases histamine, found in the gastric glands of the gastric mucosa /mostly parietal cells

Question 6

Name two things that stimulate HCl release?

Answer 6

Histamine

Acetylcholine

Question 7

What releases somatostatin

Answer 7

Delta cells in the pancreas and dudenum

Question 8

Most common glucocorticoid

Answer 8

Cortisol = symp (in response to stress)

Diurnal cycles of cortisol levels

Question 9

What is the hypothalamus, anterior pit, adrenal

Answer 9

hypothalamus, = corticotropin releasing hormone (CTRH)
anterior pit = adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)
adrenal = cortisol

cortisol -ve feedback

Question 10

What receptor does Adrenocorticotropin hormone bind to?

Answer 10

G-protein coupled receptor

Question 11

What receptor does cortisol bind to?

Answer 11

Nuclear receptors

Question 12

What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland release? Which hormones affect the anterior pit gland

Answer 12

• FSH/LH (GnRH)
• adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) (corticotrophin releasing hormone CTRH)
• tHYROID STIMULATING HORMONE ( thyrotropin-releasing hormone)
• prolactin (dopamine -ve)
• Growth hormone (GHrH)

Question 13

Diseases linked to obesity

Answer 13

Hypertension, CVD, Type II diabetes, CHD and stroke, cancer

Question 14

Increases in obesity

Answer 14

1. “Americanization” of diet and society

ii Increasing dominance of car culture, less walking

iii Numerous technical advances minimising physical work

iv More commuting

v Longer working hours

vi Greater availability of energy dense food, cheaper, better promoted

vii Replacing water by sugary drinks

Question 15

How does progesterone act on the uterus (two things)?

Answer 15

Thickening of the lining (to prevent miscarriage)

Prevents uterine smooth muscle contraction

Question 16

A biopsy of mid-secretory phase endometrium is normal. Give three histological features that will be seen.

Answer 16

Glands becoming tortuous
Formation of spiral arteries
Stromal oedema

Question 17

4. What hormone does the normal pregnancy test look for?

Answer 17

Human chorionic gonadotropin(hCG)

Question 18

5. Name two effects that oestrogen has on the endometrium

Answer 18

Uterine SM growth

Softening of cervix and pelvic ligaments

Question 19

6. By the 28th week what 3 changes would there be in an embryos cardiorespiratory system?

Answer 19

Day 22- heart beat
Wk 24 – surfactant
Wk 20 – ductus arteriosus opens

Question 20

Name 3 features of embryological circulation, what ligaments are left after

Answer 20

1. Ductus arteroisus = pulmonary artery to aorta (Connection between the truncus pulmonalis and the aorta)
2. Ductus venosum = bypasses the liver, then forms ligamentum venosum (some flows to liver some flows straight to RA via ductus venosus and IVC)
3. Ligamentum Teres = umbilical vein
4. Foramen ovule - fossa ovalis
   RA to LA

Question 21

Name one hormone from the pituitary and one from the chorion/decidua that induce labour

Answer 21

Pituitary – oxytocin,

Chorion/decidua – Prostaglandins (also induce labour)

Question 22

What anatomical site is affected in Parkinson’s, what are the symptoms

Answer 22

Substantia nigra, less dopamine, less movement

• tremor rolling-pin
• gait

Question 23

4. What is the neurotransmitter deficit in Huntington’s disease?

Answer 23

GABA (inhibitory)
caudate nucleus

= more movement

Question 24

. Patient’s wife complains of wasting in the thenar muscles and loss of sensation in thumb and first two fingers. Which nerve is compressed and what structure is compressing it?

Answer 24

Median and flexor retinaculum = forms carpel tunnel

Question 25

Give four features of pain as defined by the international pain society??

Answer 25

-subjective-always unpleasant -psychological state-emotional experience

Question 26

How do women and men differ in their responses to pain?

Answer 26

Women report pain more readily but tolerate more pain than males

Question 27

4. A patients Calcium is low but phosphate is normal. What two systemic ‘hormones’ are responsible for the abnormalities.

Answer 27

Parathyroid hormone

calcitonin

Question 28

Name three ways that the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and upper gut contribute to innate immunity

Answer 28

Mucus traps bacteria
Muco-ciliary escalator wafts to top of oesophagus
Swallowed and degraded by the low pH of the HCl in the stomach

Question 29

Give one oxygen dependent method that phagocytes use to kill ingested material

Answer 29

respiratory burst

-releases reactive oxygen species