extra Qs neuro

Question 1

What artery supplies L temporal

Answer 1

Left Middle cerebral

Question 2

What are the two types of stroke

Answer 2

Ischaemic and haemorrhagic

(ischemic stroke (caused by blood clots)
hemorrhagic stroke (caused by ruptured blood vessels that cause brain bleeding)
transient ischemic attack (TIA) (a “mini-stroke,” caused by a temporary blood clot))

Question 3

Name C1 and C2 vertebrae

Answer 3

c1 - atlas

c2 - axis

Question 4

In the sympathetic nervous system, where are the pre ganglionic neuron cell bodies located?

Answer 4

Lateral horn of the grey matter in the spinal cord

Question 5

1. What cells produce CSF?

Answer 5

Ependymal @ choroid plexus

Question 6

What is the function of different GIAL CELLS

oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, Schwann cells, microglia, and satellite cells.

Answer 6

oligodendrocytes - produce mealin shealth
astrocytes - regulate BBB, regulate chemical levels
ependymal cells - create CSF
Schwann cells - myelin + also phagocytotic
microglia - macrophages
satellite cells - regulate external environment,

Question 7

What is the function of the pineal gland?

Answer 7

Produces melatonin

Question 8

1. what nerves pass through the superior orbital fissure?

Answer 8

Oculomotor
Trochlear
Ophthalmic
Abducens
Ophthalmic vein

Question 9

what makes up the blood brain barrier?

Answer 9

Capillary endothelial cells
Astrocyte foot processes
Pia mater

Question 10

1. which two nerves supply taste sensation to the tongue?

Answer 10

Anterior 2/3 is facial (chorda tympani)

Posterior 1/3 is glossopharyngeal

Question 11

where does the spinothalamic tract decussate?

Answer 11

Ascends up lissauers fasiculus and decussates a couple of levels up in the anterior white commissure

Question 12

what are the two neurotransmitters in the pain pathway? And what type of pain are they released for?

Answer 12

C fibres- Substance P – Dull and aching

Delta fibres- glutamate- sharp pain- myelinated neurons

Question 13

what is the role of periaqueductal grey in pain regulation?

Answer 13

It blocks the release of substance P or glutamate from delta and c fibres by releasing serotonin or noradrenaline which binds to receptors sites on the nociceptive neurons

Question 14

which type of neuron innervates extrafusal muscle fibres? And what is the action of extrafusal muscle fibres?

Answer 14

Alpha, cause muscle contraction

Question 15

Is the clasp – knife reflex a muscle spindle reflex or golgi tendon organ reflex?

Answer 15

Golgi tendon organ 1-beta fibres

Question 16

what makes up the striatum?

Answer 16

Caudate and putamen

Question 17

What is leniform nucelus

Answer 17

putamen and the globus pallidus

Question 18

1.what is meant by the term dermatome? And what are the corresponding dermatomes for these structures?
Area of skin supplied by a single spinal root
a) Thumb
b) Nipple
c) Belly button
d) Big toe

Answer 18

1. What is meant by the term dermatome? And what are the corresponding dermatomes for these structures?
   Area of skin supplied by a single spinal root
   a) Thumb c6
   b) Nipple t4
   c) Belly button t10
   d) Big toe L5

Question 19

1. The dentate nuclei are the largest of the paired deep cerebellar nuclei. What role do they play? Where do efferent fibres from the nuclei go?

Answer 19

The dentate nucleus is responsible for the planning, initiation and control of voluntary movements.
Efferent fibres travel via the superior cerebellar peduncles through the red nucleus to the thalamus.

Question 20

1. what is the difference between a cardiac myocyte action potential and a normal action potential?

Answer 20

Plateau phase with calcium

Absolute refractory period is longer in cardiac

Question 21

what is the function of the limbic system? And what is the papez circuit?

Answer 21

Memory, emotion
Hippocampus -> fornix -> mammillary bodies -> mammilo-thalamic tract anterior thalamic nucleus -> cingulate gyrus -> hippocampus

Question 22

1. white matter can be divided into commissural, projection and association fibres. Give an example of each:
   commissural –
   projection –
   association –

Answer 22

commissural – corpus callosum
projection – internal capsule
association – superior longitudinal fasiculus

Question 23

theres an embolism in the basilar artery. Which part of the cerebellum will not be receiving a blood?

Answer 23

Superior

Question 24

how does the ear detect pitch?

Answer 24

The basilar membrane is narrower and stiffer at the base

Maximal vibrations for high pitch

Question 25

if there is a lack of calcium in endolymph of the cochlea, how might this effect your hearing?

Answer 25

When stereocilia tip in direction of tallest one, potassium channels open. This would normally cause voltage gated calcium channels to open and glutamate to be released as a neurotransmitter. But wont be able to do that.

Question 26

2. Whats the function of the Eustachian tube?

Answer 26

Pressure changes

Question 27

What does each section of the semi circular canals detect?

Answer 27

Horizontal = acceleration (spining on chair)

Superior and posterior = vertical head movements, (nodding head)

Question 28

WHat are the different layers of the cochlea? What are they filled with?
What organ is responsible for hearing?

Answer 28

1. the scala vestibuli (containing perilymph), which lies superior to the cochlear duct and abuts the oval window
2. the scala tympani (containing perilymph), which lies inferior to the scala media and terminates at the round window
3. the scala media (containing endolymph), or cochlear duct, a region of high potassium ion concentration that the stereocilia of the hair cells project into
4. The Organ of Corti, the sensory epithelium, a cellular layer on the basilar membrane, in which sensory hair cells are powered by the potential difference between the perilymph and the endolymph

Question 29

Which window comes first

Answer 29

Oval then round
they vibrate with opposite phase, this always fluid to move so sterocilia in organ of corti can move
-K+ flow out, Ca flows in = glutamate