1
Q
endemic to/in
A
especially of disease or a condition;
regularly found and very common among a particular group or in a particular area
2
Q
cigarette butts
A
part of a cigarette that you throw away when you have finished smoking
3
Q
to discard
A
to throw away or get rid of sth because you no longer want it or need it
4
Q
dermal absorption
A
process in which skin is taking in/ absorbing sth
5
Q
hazardous
A
risky, dangerous
6
Q
omnipresent
A
widely or constantly encountered, widespread
7
Q
to introduce a mandatory charge on
A
to introduce a fee you are obliged to pay for sth
8
Q
to curb one’s consumption
A
to control, limit one’s consumption
9
Q
single-use plastic
A
plastic that can only be used once, cannot be recycled
10
Q
debris
A
broken or torn pieces of sth larger;
remains
11
Q
to commence the process
A
to begin the process
12
Q
feasibility
A
possibility that sth can be done, made, achieved or is reasonable
13
Q
prevention policy
A
policy that focuses on stopping sth from happening
14
Q
to embroil
A
to cause someone to become involved in an argument or a difficult situation
15
Q
sotto voce
A
in a quiet voice so that only people near can hear;
to say sth under the breath
16
Q
greenhouse effect
A
increase in amount of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere that causes warming of Earth’s surface
17
Q
biodegradable
A
able to decay/break down naturally , without having a harmful impact on the environment
18
Q
wetlands
A
land covered with marshes or swamps,
19
Q
deforestation
A
the cutting down of forests
20
Q
dumping/ to dump
A
disposing of e.g. rubbish, typically in a careless or hurried way
21
Q
toxic waste
A
waste that is potentially dangerous; that may pose potential hazard to human health or environment
22
Q
emissions
A
the release of a substance into the air
23
Q
biodiversity
A
variety of al living things
24
Q
global warming
A
long-term warmig of a planet’s overall temperature, caused by release of greenhouse gases
25
ozone layer
a layer of air high above the Earth that contains ozone, preventing harmful radiation
26
desertification
the process by which land turns into desert
27
smog
fog intensified by smoke and chemical fumes
28
habitat
the natural environment in which an animal or a plant usually lives
29
depletion
a reduction in the number or quantity of sth
30
drought
long period when there's little or no rain
31
oil spill
an accident in which oil leaked into the sea or other body of water
32
avalanche
large amount of ice, snow and rock falling quickly down the side of the mountain
33
landslide
a mass of rock and earth moving suddenly and quickly down a steep slope
34
reforestation
the process of replanting an area with trees
35
crude
primitive; in raw, natural condition
36
refined
free from impurities, purified
37
fertiliser
substances used to make soil more fertile
38
repellant
substance used to repel e.g. insects, mosquitos
39
herbicide
substance that is toxic to plants, used to detroy unwanted vegetation
40
pesticide
chemical substance used to kill harmful insects, small animals, wild plants and other unwanted organisms
41
noxious
harmful, poisonous, unpleasant
42
acid rain
rain that is unusually acidic;
rain that contains large amounts of harmful chemicals as a result of burning substances such as coal and oil
43
nuclear power
electricity produced by nuclear reactions
44
fossil fuels
non-renewable energy sources such as coal, gas and oil
45
health risks
the chance or likelihood that sth will harm or otherwise affect your health
46
wind/solar power
renewable sources of energy
47
natural/ man-made disaster
natural event such as flood, earthquake, or tsunami that kills or injures a lot of people
tragic events that were caused by human activity
48
industrial/ nuclear waste
waste generated by manufacturing or industrial processed
unwanted, dangerously radioactive material made when producing nuclear power
49
wildlife/ water conservation
preservation and protection of animals, plants and their habitats/
practise of using water efficiently
50
extinct/ endangered species
spiecies that is no longer alive/
species that are at risk of extinction
51
noxious/ toxic fumes
dangerous, poisonous fumes
52
contaminated
polluted
53
landfill
rubbish dump
54
equlibrum
balance
55
devatation
destruction
56
demolition
the act of destroying sth, such as building
57
dereliction
state of neglect, not being cared for
failure to do what you should do
58
evacuated
to move people from a dangerous place to somewhere safe
59
relocated
moved from one place to another
60
famine
extreme scarcity of food
(there's not enough food)
61
starvation
suffering or death caused by lack of food
62
corrosion
process by which sth deteriorates because of oxidation, like metals
63
erosion
the gradual wearing away of land surface materials, especially rocks, sediments, soils, by the action of water, wind, glacier
64
sanctuary
nature reserve
65
preservation
the act of keeping sth as it is
66
culling
reduction of wild animal population by selective slaughter
odstrzał
67
zero carbon city
city that generates as much or more carbon-free sustainable energy as it uses
68
climate emergency
a situation in which urgent action is required to reduce or halt climate change and avoid potentially irreversible environmental damage resulting from it
69
carbon debt
inballance between the amount of co2 produced by a country and amount that it offsets
70
coal mines
kopalnie węgla,
place where coal is dug out from the ground
71
geothermal (energy)
connected with the heat inside the earth
72
hydroelectric (power station)
producing energy by the force of fast moving water such as rivers or waterfalls
73
green audit
an official examination of the effects a company has on the environment, especially the damage that it causes
74
ecoterrorism
act of violence which is comitted in support of environmental causes, againts people or property
75
clear up
to remove doubts, confusion,
to tidy sth up, get rid of sth
76
to dry out
to become completely or excessively dry
77
to pick up
to lift, collect
78
to clean up
to remove dirt, make sth neat
79
to dry up
of rivers, lakes- to become completely dry
80
to wash away
to carry sth by the movement of water
81
to die out
to stop existing, become extinct
82
to kill off
to destroy/ kill totally, in large numbers
83
to cut down
to reduce the amount of sth,
to cause sth to fall by cutting thorugh it --> trees
84
to give off
to emit, produce (a smell, heat, light)
85
water off a duck's back
criticisms of/ warnings to a person that have no effect on that person
86
water under the bridge
(event/mistake) now forgotten or no longer important
87
in(to) deep water
involved in complicated, dangerous affairs
88
a fish out of water
sb who feel uncomfortable in ufamiliar surroudings
89
come hell or high water
in spite of all obstacles; no matter what happends
90
in hot water
in trouble
91
to take to sth like a duck to water
to do sth new very easily
92
to pour oil on a troubled waters
to do or say in order to make people stop arguing and become calmer
93
stark
empty, single, plain
completely or extremely
94
verbose
using or containing more words than necessary
95
voluble
speaking flunetly, with confidence and enthusiasm
96
fervent
showing strong and sincere feelings or beliefs
hot, burning, glowing
97
fetid
smelling extremely unpleasant, bad, stale
98
prevailing
existing in a particular place or at particular time
99
sturdy
physically strong, solid, thick
100
lush
abunding in lavish growth
luxuriant, attractive
101
lavish
large in quantity and expensive or impressive;
costing a lot of money
102
rife
very common, frequent, widespread
103
to scramble
to compete with other people for sth there is very little of
104
jumble
untidy and confused mixture of things, feelings, ideas
105
to jostle
to knock or push roughly against someone in order to move past them
106
flurry
small swirling mass of sth, especially snow or leaves, moved by wind
107
carbon footprint
measurement of carbon dioxide produced by someone
108
livestock
useful animals that are kept on farm
109
dead zones
areas in water with low oxygen level
110
ice cap
thick layer of ice that permanently covers an area of land
111
fuel- efficient
working in a way that doesn't waste fuel
112
flooding
the condition of becoming filled or covered with large amount of water
113
renewable energy
clean energy, coming from natural sources like sun, wind
114
to take a toll
to cause suffering, damage, bad effect
115
to keep up
move or progress at the same rate as someone or sth else
116
to turn out
prove to be the case
117
animal agriculture
dreeding, raising, slaughtering animals for products intended for human use
118
species extinction
complete disppearance of species from Earth
119
meat industry
the people and companies engaged in modern industrialized livestock agriculture for the production, packing, preservation and marketing of meat
120
to envision
to imagine or pretend to see
121
shrinking
when sth gets smaller and smaller
122
divisive
sth that divides people into two groups
123
recipient
someone who receives sth
124
varying
a range of differences
125
accuracy
exactness
126
to document
to keep a record of
127
to distract
to take someone's attention away from
128
akin
related to, like,similar to
129
symptoms
the measurable effects of a disease
130
elevated
raised, increased, heightened
131
overtly
directly, openly
132
rate
pace, speed, tempo
133
controversy
when sth is debated about, a lot of argument about it
134
to offset (CO2 emissions)
to compensate your emissions (by funding an equivalent carbon dioxide saving elsewhere)
to balance out,
135
briny
salty
136
to sprout
to form
137
intensified
heavier
138
surging up
rushing up
139
seeping
soaking
140
inexorably
unavoidably
141
bleak
dreary
142
barrier
wall
143
to trigger
to set off
144
desperate
wretched
145
to smother
to kill by depriving of air, suffocate
146
misery
state of suffering, great mental or emotional distress
147
thirst
the need or desire to drink
148
pollutant
substance that pollutes
149
vegeterian
a person who does not eat meat or fish
150
vegan
a person who does not eat any animal products such as meat, milk or eggs or use animal products such as leather or wool
151
animal rights activist
a person who seeks to reduce non-human animal suffering
152
non-profit
(of an organization) without the aim of making a profit
153
factory farm
a type of farm in which animals are kept inside in small spaces and are fed special food so that a large amount of meat, milk, etc. is produced as quickly and cheaply as possible
154
big time
on a large scale, to great extent
155
voila
used to say 'there it is!' when you show something to somebody, or something appears suddenly
156
raw
in its natural state; not yet changed, used or made into something else
157
slick
an area of oil that is floating on the surface of the sea
158
odour
a smell, especially one that is unpleasant
159
dissolve
to mix with a liquid and become part of it
160
melt
to become or make something become liquid as a result of heating
161
steadiness
the fact of being stable and not changing
162
to shift
to move
163
power station/ power plant
building or group of them where electricity is produced
164
to spurt
(of liquid or flames)
to burst out or pour out suddenly;
to produce sudden, powerful streams of liquid or flames
165
to trickle
to flow or make sth flow, slowly in a thin stream
166
to drizzle
to rain lightly
167
breeding ground
a place where sth, especially bad is able to develop;
place where animals go to produce their young
168
bitter
(of weather conditions)
extremely cold and unpleasant
169
compulsive
difficult to stop or to control (of behaviour)
170
intense
very great
intense pressure
171
stream
continuous flow of sth
172
spring
a place where water comes naturally to the surface from under the ground
173
to heave
to lift, pull or throw somebody/sth very heavy with great effort
to rise up and down with strong, regular movements
174
to ascend
to rise, go up, climb up
175
to soar
to fly very high in the air or remain there; to be tall or very high
soaring tower blocks
176
feedlot
an area or building where farm animals are fed
177
manure
the waste from animals that is spread over or mixed with soil to help plants and crops grow
178
strewn with
covered with, full of
179
right up there with
to be equal to sth else
180
patty
Meat, fish etc. cut into small pieces and formed into small, round flat shape
English B IB
flashcards
Decks in class (5)
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