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Anatomy Test One Material > Histology Chapters 2 & 3 > Flashcards

Histology Chapters 2 & 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the plasma membrane composed of?

A

phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and chains of oligosaccharides

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2
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane? (3)

A

Site where materials are exchanged between the cell and its environment; regulates the ion concentration of the cytoplasm; also recognition, regulatory, and interaction functions.

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3
Q

what is the thickness of the plasma membrane?

A

7.5 to 10 nm thick (EM)

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4
Q

what is the structure of the plasma membrane?

A

Trilaminar (EM); fluid mosaic model

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5
Q

Where does osmium tetroxide deposit on the plasma membrane?

A

On the outer hydrophilic heads away from the hydrophobic tails.

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6
Q

What are the three kind of proteins in the plasma membrane?

A

Integral, transmembrane, and peripheral

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7
Q

What are structures that are always on the outside of the cell attached to the plasma membrane?

A

Glycoproteins

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8
Q

What are the three kinds of Endocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis

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9
Q

Define phagocytosis.

A

“Cell-eating”; phagosome; then fuses with lysosome

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10
Q

Define pinocytosis.

A

Also called fluid-phase endocytosis is “cell-drinking”; pinocytotic vesicle; then fuses with lysosomes.

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11
Q

Define receptor-mediated endocytosis.

A

Binding of the ligand to a receptor causes coated pits made of clathrin to form; pinches off to form a coated vesicle; fuses with endosomal compartment to form endosomes.

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12
Q

Define exocytosis.

A

Release of material across plasma membrane into the extra cellular space; involves vesicle fusing with plasma membrane and releasing its contents.

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13
Q

What is the function of a lysosome?

A

Sites of intracellular digestion and turnover of cellular components.

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14
Q

What is the size of a lysosome?

A

0.05 - 0.5 micrometers

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15
Q

What is the structure of a lysosome?

A

Membrane bound vesicles that contain about 40 different hydrolytic enzymes.

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16
Q

what is the relative size of an lysosome versus a RBC?

A

about 1/16th of the size

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17
Q

What is the function of a ribosome?

A

Protein synthesis

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18
Q

What is the size of a ribosome?

A

20nm x 30nm

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19
Q

What is the structure of a ribosome?

A

Composed of two different sized subunits; the subunits are composed of rRNA and proteins; can be found free within the cytoplasm or attached to membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum.

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20
Q

What is the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Network of intercommunicating channels and sacs of membranes which enclose a space called a cisterna.

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21
Q

What defines rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), and what does the RER do?

A

There are ribosomes on the cytosolic side of the membrane; produces proteins for secretion.

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22
Q

What defines the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER); and what does the SER to?

A

Regions of ER without ribosomes; cisternae are much more tubular; important in the production of phospholipids; abundant in cells that synthesize steroid hormones.

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23
Q

What are two types of human organ cells that have an abundance of smooth ER?

A

neurons and liver cells

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24
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

Completes post-translational modifications, packages, and sorts proteins synthesized in the RER.

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25
Q

What is the Structure of the golgi apparatus?

A

Composed of smooth membranous saccules; has a cis (entry) face and a trans (exit) face.

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26
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Membrane-enclosed organelles with enzyme arrays specialized for aerobic respiration and production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

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27
Q

What is the size of a mitochondria?

A

0.5-1.0 micrometer in diameter and 5-10 micrometers in length

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28
Q

What is the structure of mitochondria?

A

Two membranes (inner and outer) and two compartments (matrix and intermembrane space); inner membrane folded to form cristae which project into matrix.

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29
Q

Give an example of cells that would have a lot of mitochondria due to their high energy needs.

A

Muscle, kidney, liver

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30
Q

What is the function of secretory vesicles (granules)?

A

Formed at the golgi apparatus; store product until it is released via exocytosis

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31
Q

What is the structure of the secretory vesicle?

A

Secretory product surrounded by membrane.

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32
Q

What is the function of a proteasome?

A

To degrade denatured and nonfunctional polypeptides.

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33
Q

What is the structure of a proteasome?

A

Cytoplasmic protein (no membrane); cylindrical structure made of four stacked rings.

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34
Q

What is the function of peroxisomes?

A

Oxidizes various potentially toxic molecules as well as prescription drugs. These are very important in pharmaceutical activities.

35
Q

What is the size of a peroxisome?

A

0.5 micrometer in diameter

36
Q

What is the structure of a peroxisome?

A

Spherical membrane-limited organelle

37
Q

In what human tissue cells are peroxisomes found in great numbers?

A

Liver cells

38
Q

What are microtubules and where are they found?

A

They are fine tubular structures found in cytoplasmic matrix, centrioles, basal bodies, cilia, and flagella.

39
Q

What is the function of microtubules?

A

Formation and maintenance of cell shape; cellular transport of organelles and vesicles; create repeated beating motion.

40
Q

What is the size of a microtubule? Outer diameter and wall thickness.

A

Outer diameter of 24nm and dense wall 5nm thick

41
Q

Is a microtubule hollow?

A

Yes the lumen is hollow.

42
Q

What is the length of a microtubule?

A

Variable, can be many micrometers in length.

43
Q

What is the structure of a microtubule?

A

Composed of alpha and beta tubulin molecules; organize to form 13 parallel protofilaments.

44
Q

Microtubules are very important in what to the cell?

A

Cell shape

45
Q

What is an axoneme?

A

This is the core structure in cilia and flagella microtubule assembly.

46
Q

What is the structure of microtubules?

A

Assembly of microtubules in a 9+2 pattern.

47
Q

How are the 9 axoneme units assembled in a microtubule?

A

Microtubule doublets that are connected in the pattern; beta, alpha, dynein, beta, alpha, dynein…

48
Q

What causes the conformational change in the axoneme?

A

ATP-dependent interaction cause conformational change - get repeated beating movement.

49
Q

What are microfilaments also called?

A

Actin filaments

50
Q

What is the function of microfilaments?

A

Allow for contractile activity within cells, including cell shape changes for endocytosis, exocytosis, and cell locomotion, moving cytoplasmic components, and cleavage during mitosis.

51
Q

What is the size of microfilaments?

A

5-9 nm

52
Q

What is the structure of microfilaments?

A

Composed of globular subunits organized into a double-stranded helix.

53
Q

What to intermediate filaments do?

A

They are very stable so the provide mechanical strength and stability.

54
Q

What is the size of intermediate filaments?

A

10-12nm in diameter

55
Q

What is the structure of intermediate filaments?

A

Protein subunits different in different cell types; rod-like subunits that organize into a cable like structure.

56
Q

What do intermediate filaments tie into that connect cells?

A

Desmosomes

57
Q

What are three examples of inclusions?

A

Lipid droplets, glycogen granules, pigment deposits

58
Q

Are inclusions considered organelles?

A

No

59
Q

What are inclusions in the cell?

A

Cytoplasmic structures or deposits composed mainly of accumulated metabolites or other substances.

60
Q

What are the three main components of the nucleus?

A

Nuclear envelope, chromatin, nucleolus.

61
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

2 parallel unit membranes separated by a narrow space; at sites where inner and outer membranes of the nuclear envelope fuse, nuclear pore complexes form; where regulation of the transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm takes place.

62
Q

What are the two types of chromatin?

A

Heterochromatin and euchromatin

63
Q

What is chromatin?

A

The chromosomal material in a largely uncoiled state.

64
Q

Define heterochromatin.

A

Course granules in EM and basophilic clumps in light microscopy.

65
Q

Define euchromatin.

A

Less coiled; fine granules in EM and lightly basophilic areas in light microscopy.

66
Q

A very active cell would have much of what kind of chromatin?

A

Euchromatin, as this is the uncoiled active parts of DNA.

67
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

Spherical, highly basophilic structure present in nuclei of cells active in protein synthesis; lots of rRNA in this location.

68
Q

What can be seen microscopically during prophase?

A

A nucleus with dispersed chromosomes, mitotic spindle is developing.

69
Q

What can be seen microscopically during metaphase?

A

Chromosomes aligned on an equatorial plate, and visible mitotic spindle.

70
Q

What can be seen microscopically during anaphase?

A

Sister chromatids being pulled apart and visible mitotic spindle.

71
Q

What can be seen during telophase?

A

Cytokinesis occurring, reforming of the nuclear envelope, and a cleavage furrow.

72
Q

Give a brief summary of mitosis.

A

Interphase > Prophase (chromosomes condense) > Metaphase (chromosomes line up single file) > Anaphase/Telophase (genetically identical daughter cells produced)

73
Q

What does mitosis produce?

A

Two identical daughter cells.

74
Q

What happens in late interphase before meiosis?

A

Synapsis and crossing over begin.

75
Q

What happens in prophase one of meiosis?

A

Crossing over continues. Paired chromosomes condense.

76
Q

What happens in Metaphase 1 of Meiosis?

A

Homologous chromosomes line up double file.

77
Q

What happens in anaphase 1/telophase 1 of meiosis?

A

Homologs separate into haploid daughter cells; sister chromatids remain joined.

78
Q

What happens in Metaphase 2 of meiosis?

A

Chromosomes line up single file in haploid cells.

79
Q

What happens in anaphase 2/telophase 2 of meiosis?

A

Sister chromatids separate into nonidentical haploid cells.

80
Q

What is the product of Meiosis 2?

A

Meiosis produces haploid cells with new genetic combinations.

81
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

The process of cell suicide or programmed cell death; leads to the production of small membrane-enclosed apoptotic bodies which undergo phagocytosis by neighboring cells.

82
Q

What happens to the cell during necrosis?

A

Cell rupture

83
Q

Are necrosis and apoptosis the same thing?

A

No

Anatomy Test One Material (13 decks)

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