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Anatomy Test One Material > Axial Skeleton & Body Cavities > Flashcards

Axial Skeleton & Body Cavities Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of the axial skeleton?

A

Skull, ribs, vertebra

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2
Q

What does the axial skeleton do?

A

Comprise the supporting axis of the body and protection of vital organs.

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3
Q

All bones serve to do what?

A

Serve as reservoirs for calcium and phosphorus, act as levers on which muscles act to produce movement, and are “containers” for blood producing cells

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4
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

This is the arms and supporting bones: scapula, clavicle

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5
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

The fibrous connective tissue that covers the bones.

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6
Q

The skull is comprised of how many bones?

A

22 main bones and then six total bones of the ears

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7
Q

All of the bones of the skull (except the jaw) are connected by this kind of joint.

A

Sutures

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8
Q

What is the viscerocranium?

A

This is the facial skeleton or the parts of the skeleton that make up the face.

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9
Q

What is the calvaria?

A

This is the part of the skull that makes up the upper domes portion that covers the cranial cavity containing the brain.

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10
Q

What are the two normal curves of the spine?

A

Primary curvature (kyphosis) and secondary curvature (lordosis)

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11
Q

Describe the two primary curvatures of the spine.

A

These curves are the thoracic and sacral/coccygeal primary curves and they form a concave anteriorly.

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12
Q

Describe the two secondary curvatures of the spine.

A

These curves are the cervical and the lumbar secondary curves and they form a convex anteriorly.

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13
Q

Why does our spine exhibit primary and secondary curvatures?

A

They bring the center of gravity into a vertical line allowing better balance of body weight on the vertebral column (expending the least amount of energy standing up)

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14
Q

What is the vertebral body?

A

This is the anterior and major weight bearing component of the bone. It increases in size from C2 to L5.

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15
Q

What is the vertebral arch?

A

This is the bony structure on the posterior of the vertebra that is firmly anchored to the ventral body by two pedicles, the roof is formed by the two laminae which fuse at the midline.

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16
Q

What is the spinous process?

A

This is the bony projection that faces posterior and primarily inferiorly from the roof of the vertebral arch.

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17
Q

What is the transverse process?

A

A part of the vertebra that extends laterally from the region where the lamina meets the pedicle

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18
Q

What are the superior and inferior articular process?

A

These are parts of the vertebra that will interact with adjacent vertebra

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19
Q

What is the intervertebral foramen?

A

This is the foramen created by the adjoining vertebra and is where spinal nerves leave the spinal column. There are superior and inferior vertebral notches that make these foramen.

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20
Q

What are some defining feature of cervical vertebra?

A

Small size, bifid spinous process, transverse process that contain foramen transversarium.

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21
Q

What are some defining features of thoracic vertebra?

A

Transverse costal facet, superior costal facet (these two things articulate with the rib), a sharp inferior facing spinous process, medium in size

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22
Q

What are some defining features of lumbar vertebra?

A

Largest in size, their spinous processes project mainly posteriorly, and they do not have transverse costal facets for ribs

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23
Q

What are some defining features of the sacrum?

A

Large bone composed of 5 fused vertebra, a median sacral crest and a sacral hiatus

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24
Q

What are some defining features of the coccyx?

A

Small triangular shaped bone composed of 4 rudimentary coccygeal vertebra

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25
Q

What is a defining feature on a rib that will allow you to orient superior from inferior?

A

The costal groove is always on the inferior of the rib.

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26
Q

What on the spine does the rib articulate with?

A

Two vertebra and an intervertebral disc

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27
Q

What forms the intercostal groove of a rib?

A

An intercostal v., a., & n.

28
Q

What are the atypical ribs?

A

1, 2, 10, 11, 12

29
Q

What are the two types of joints?

A

Synovial and solid

30
Q

What is a plane joint?

A

This joint allows sliding or gliding of one bone surface over another (acromyoclavicular joint)

31
Q

What is a hinge joint?

A

Allow movement around one axis transversely through a joint (elbow or humero-ulnar) {flexion-extension}

32
Q

What is a pivot joint?

A

all movement around a longitudinal axis (atlanto-axial joint C1-C2)

33
Q

What is a bicondylar joint?

A

This allows movement in one axis with limited rotation around a second axis, formed by two convex condyles articulating with concave of flat surfaces (knee)

34
Q

What is a condylar joint?

A

Also called an ellipsoid joint, this allows movement around two axes that are at right angles to each other (wrist) {flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and limited circumduction}

35
Q

What is a saddle joint?

A

Allows movement around two axes that are at right angles with the articular surfaces saddle shape (carpometacarpal joint of the thumb) {flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction and rotation}

36
Q

What is a ball and socket joint

A

Allows movement around multiple axes (hip or shoulder joint) {flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation}

37
Q

What is the name for C1?

A

Atlantis or atlas

38
Q

What is the name for C2

A

Axis

39
Q

What kind of cartilage is in synovial joints?

A

Hyaline

40
Q

What are the two kinds of solid joints?

A

Fibrous and cartilaginous

41
Q

What are the three kinds of solid fibrous joints?

A

Sutures, gomphosis and syndesmosis

42
Q

What are the two kinds of solid cartilaginous joints?

A

Synchondrosis and symphysis

43
Q

Where are sutures found?

A

The skull

44
Q

Where are gomphosis found?

A

The PDL of the teeth

45
Q

Where are syndemosis found?

A

These are found in in joints that link adjacent bones with a ligament (radius and ulna in the forearm)

46
Q

Where would we find synchondrosis?

A

This is where two ossification centers in developing bone remain separated by a layer of cartilage. These joints allow bone growth but eventually completely ossify.

47
Q

Where would we find symphysis?

A

Intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis

48
Q

What are tendons?

A

Connective tissue connections between muscle and bone

49
Q

What are ligaments?

A

Connective tissue connections between bones

50
Q

How many cervical vertebra are there?

A

7

51
Q

How many thoracic vertebra are there?

A

12

52
Q

How many lumbar vertebra are there?

A

5

53
Q

What are the skeletal components of the abdominal cavity?

A

5 lumbar vertebra, superior expanded parts of the pelvic bones, bony parts of the inferior thoracic wall (costal margin, 12th rib and xiphoid process)

54
Q

Where does the abdominal cavity span superiorly to inferiorly?

A

Just under the diaphragm superiorly to the pelvic inlet inferiorly

55
Q

What is the skeletal component of superior most part of the pelvic cavity?

A

The pelvic inlet (the bony rim along the inner pelvis)

56
Q

What are the skeletal components of the thorax?

A

The sternum (breastbone), 12 thoracic vertebra, and 12 pairs of ribs (intercostal space, costal cartilages and costal margin)

57
Q

What is the superior thoracic aperture?

A

Anatomical thoracic inlet. Communicates with the neck and UL & is bounded by T1 vertebra-posteriorly. 1st pair of ribs and their costal cartilages laterally. Anteriorly by the superior border of the manubrium.

58
Q

What is the inferior thoracic aperture?

A

Anatomical thoracic outlet. Diaphragm, thus separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities and bounded by: T12 posteriorly, 11th and 12th ribs posterolaterally, anterolaterally by joined costal cartilages of ribs 7-10, and anteriorly by xiphisternal joint

59
Q

Describe inhalation in respect to the diaphragm and abdominal muscles.

A

The diaphragm contracts and moves inferiorly, and the abdominal muscles relax and move anteriorly

60
Q

Describe exhalation in respect to the diaphragm and abdominal muscles.

A

The diaphragm relaxes and moves superiorly, and the abdominal muscles contract and move posteriorly

61
Q

What happens when we hold our breath and allow the abdominal muscles to contract?

A

Increased abdominal pressure which is important in michturition, defecation and child birth

62
Q

What is the valsalva maneuver?

A

Increasing abdominal pressure

63
Q

What are intraperitoneal structures?

A

Structures suspended in the mesenteries

64
Q

What are retroperitoneal structures?

A

These lie between the parietal peritoneum and the abdominal wall

65
Q

The cranial cavities are lined with what?

A

Meninges called the dura, arachnoid and pia.

66
Q

At what vertebral level would we find the jugular notch?

A

The xiphoid process

Anatomy Test One Material (13 decks)

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