Barron's: Chapter 23 - Indian and Southeast Asian Art

Question 1

Time Period

Answer 1

• From Ancient Times to the Present

Question 2

Essential Knowledge

Answer 2

• ancient ceramics survive from China and India
• religious beliefs developed locally, but spread throughout Asia
• rich artistic traditions were exchanged throughout the great civilizations of Asia
• ancient belief systems, called, Indic, spread throughout the region, eventually developing into religions like Hinduism and Buddhism
• Buddhism spread through East Asia. Chinese religions were influenced by Buddhism and stressed living in harmony with nature and one another. Daoism and Confucianism emphasized living ethically within society’s boundaries
• Buddhism is a visual art form, noted for its religious images and narratives
• Islam, Christianity, and ancient European cultures play a role in Asian art
• Architecture is best expressed by religious temples, shrines, and rock-cut caves
• Indian art is characterized by Buddhist temples and shrines
• there is a wide range of materials used in this region
• uniquely Asian art forms include Buddhist and Hindu images and buildings
• Indian painting was often done in miniatures for court patrons
• the Silk Road was key to the spread of artistic styles
• Asian art shows evidence of the interconnectivity of regional schools with the wider world
• Asian art heavily influenced the art of Europe

Question 3

Buddha from Bamiyan

Answer 3

• 400-800
• destroyed 2001
• cut rock with plaster and polychrome paint
• Afghanistan
• Buddhist art

Question 4

Jowo Rinpoche from the Jokhang Temple

Answer 4

• 641
• gilt metal with semiprecious stones and paint
• Lhasa, Tibet
• Buddhist Art
• Cross-Cultural Comparisons: Sacred Images
  
  • Moai
  • Apollo from Veii
  • Reliquary of Sainte-Foy

Question 5

Great Stupa

Answer 5

• third century B.C.E. - first century C.E.
• stone masonry
• sandstone on dome
• Sanchi, Madhya Preadesh, India
• Buddhist art
• Cross-Cultural Comparisons: Integration of Sculpture and Architecture
  
  • Angkor Wat
  • Parthenon
  • Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut

Question 6

Borobudur

Answer 6

• c. 750-842
• volcanic stone masonry
• Java, Indonesia
• Buddhist art
• Cross-Cultural Comparisons: Pyramid-Shaped Monuments
  
  • Great Pyramids of Gizeh
  • White Temps on Its Ziggurat
  • Great Stupa

Question 7

Shiva as Lord of Dance (Nataraja) with a nimbus

Answer 7

• c. eleventh century C.E.
• cast bronze
• Musee Guimet, Paris
• Hindu art
• Cross-Cultural Comparisons: Sacred Images
  
  • Bernini, Ecstasy of Saint Teresa
  • Saint Luke from the Lindisfarne Gospels
  • Great Buddha from Todai-ji

Question 8

Lakshmana Temple

Answer 8

• 930-935
• sandstone
• Khajuraho, India
• Hindu art
• Cross-Cultural Comparisons: Ashlar Masonry
  
  • Parthenon
  • Persepolis
  • Petra

Question 9

Angkor, the temple of Angkor Wat, and the city of Angkor Thom

Answer 9

• c. 800-1400
• stone masonry
• sandstone
• Cambodia
• Hindu art
• Cross-Cultural Comparisons: Water and Art
  
  • Versailles Gardens
  • Kusama, Narcissus Garden
  • Alhambra

Question 10

Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaikh to Kings

Answer 10

• Bichitr
• c. 1620
• watercolor, gold, and ink on paper
• Freer Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.
• Hindu art
• Cross-Cultural Comparisons: Works that Show Western Influence
  
  • Cotsiogo, Hide Painting of a Sun Dance
  • Cabrera, Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz
  • Lindauer, Tamati Waka Nene

Question 11

ashlar masonry

Answer 11

• carefully cut and grooved stones that support a building without the use of concrete or other kinds of masonry

Question 12

bas-relief

Answer 12

• a very shallow relief sculpture

Question 13

bodhisattva

Answer 13

• a deity who refrains from entering nirvana to help others

Question 14

Buddha

Answer 14

• a fully enlightened being. There are many Buddhas, the most famous of whom is Sakyamuni, also known as Gautama or Siddhartha

Question 15

Darhsan

Answer 15

• in Hinduism, the ability of a worshiper to see a deity and the deity to see the worshiper

Question 16

horror vacui

Answer 16

• a type of artwork in which the entire surface is filled with objects, people, designs, and ornaments in a crowded and sometimes congested way

Question 17

iconoclasm

Answer 17

• the destruction of religious images that are seen as heresy

Question 18

mandorla

Answer 18

• an almond-shaped circles of light around the figure or Buddha

Question 19

mithuna

Answer 19

• in India, the mating of males and females in a ritualistic, symbolic, or physical sense

Question 20

mudra

Answer 20

• a symbolic hand gesture in Hindu and Buddhist art

Question 21

nirvana

Answer 21

• an afterlife in which reincarnation ends and the soul becomes one with the supreme spirit

Question 22

puja

Answer 22

• a Hindu prayer ritual

Question 23

sakyamuni

Answer 23

• the historical Buddha, named after the town of Sakya, Buddha’s birthplace

Question 24

shiva

Answer 24

• the Hindu god of creation and destruction

Question 25

stupa

Answer 25

• a dome-shaped Buddhist shrine

Question 26

torana

Answer 26

• a gateway near a stupa that has two upright posts and three horizontal lintels. they are usually elaborately carved

Question 27

urna

Answer 27

• a circle of hair on the brows of a deity, sometimes represented as a focal point

Question 28

ushnisha

Answer 28

• a protrusion at the top of the head, or the top knot of a Buddha

Question 29

vairocana

Answer 29

• the universal Buddha, a source of enlightenment; also known as the Supreme Buddha who represents “emptiness” that is, freedom form earthly matters to help achieve salvation

Question 30

vishnu

Answer 30

• the Hindu god worshiped as the protector and preserver of the world

Question 31

wat

Answer 31

• a Buddhist monastery or temple in Cambodia

Question 32

yakshi

Answer 32

• female and male figures or fertility in Buddhist and Hindu art