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Reproduction Final (2015) > Reproduction Final Part 4 (Pozor) > Flashcards

Reproduction Final Part 4 (Pozor) Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the prototherian group and name some members.

A
  • Egg-laying mammals

- Platypus & Echidna

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2
Q

Describe the metatherian group and name some members.

A
  • Mammals without true placenta

- Marsupials

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3
Q

Describe the eutherian group and name some members.

A
  • Mammals with a chorioallantoic placenta AKA “true placenta”
  • All non-marsupial or egg-laying mammals
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4
Q

Name some of the roles of the placenta.

A
  • Acts as a respiratory interface with the fetus
  • Acts as a metabolic organ to synthesize nutrient and energy substrates
  • Allows diffusion of existing nutrients
  • Acts as an endocrine organ and secretes hormones
  • Separates mother from fetus
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5
Q

Name some of the hormones synthesized/secreted by the placenta.

A
  • Progesterone
  • Estrogen
  • Placental lactogen
  • Equine chorionic gonadotropin (where applicable)
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6
Q

What becomes the umbilical cord?

A

Inner cell mass

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7
Q

What develops as an outgrowth of the hindgut?

A

Allantois

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8
Q

Describe the trophoblast.

A
  • Forms much of the placenta
  • Cells on the outside of the blastocyst
  • Eventually leads to the development of the chorion
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9
Q

In the choioallantois, which portion supplies the vasculature?

A

Allantoic portion

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10
Q

From where does the amnion develop?

A

folds of the chorion

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11
Q

The yolk sac is derived from what two sources?

A
  • Trophoectoderm

- Extraembryonic mesoderm

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12
Q

T/F: The yolk sac grows as the allantois expands.

A

FALSE

The yolk sac regresses dramatically as the allantois expands.

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13
Q

Describe the bovomane/hippomane.

A
  • Not apart of the placenta
  • Free-floating in the allantoic fluid
  • Composed of mucoproteins
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14
Q

For each of the following placental shapes, give a brief description of the contact it shares with the mother:

  • Diffuse
  • Cotyledonary
  • Zonary
  • Discoid
A
  • Diffuse –> contact is achieved all over the placenta
  • Cotyledonary –> fetal cotyledon + maternal caruncle = placentome. Each placentome is a zone of contact.
  • Zonary –> contact is achieved in a belt-like area around the placenta
  • Discoid –> contact is achieved in one or two round areas of the placenta
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15
Q

Briefly describe each of the four degrees of placental invasion.

A

Epitheliochorial –> no invason

Syndesmochorial –> maternal and fetal cells fuse to form a syncytium

Endotheliochorial –> placenta invades through maternal musculature to vasculature

Hemochorial –> placenta invades maternal musculature, breaks vasculature, and is bathed in maternal blood

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16
Q

Describe the three types of exchange mechanisms between fetal and maternal vasculature.

A
  • Countercurrent system –> two systems flow in opposite directions; very efficient
  • Cross-current system –> a mixture of countercurrent systems (opposite directions) and concurrent systems (same direction)
  • Multivillous system –> difficult to characterize due to significant branching
17
Q

Describe the five degrees of interdigitation of vasculature between a fetus and its mother.

A
  • Folded –> endometrium has undulations unto which the trophoblast is draped
  • Lamellar –> more elaborate form of folding
  • Trabecular –> even more elaborate form of folding which forms some level of branching
  • Villous –> fetal vasculature forms extensive tree-like branches
  • Labyrinthine –> fetal vasculature forms almost a sponge-like configuration
18
Q

Contrast deciduate type placentation from adeciduate type.

A

Deciduate placentas result in loss of maternal tissue at implantation and at partruition. Adeciduate placentas detatch without loss of maternal tissue.

19
Q

For the HORSE, describe the following in reference to its placental types:

  • Shape
  • Invasion
  • Interdigitation
  • Maternal loss
A

Shape: diffuse
Invasion: epitheliochorial
Interdigitation: microcotyledonary
Maternal loss: adeciduate

20
Q

For the PIG, describe the following in reference to its placental types:

  • Shape
  • Invasion
  • Interdigitation
  • Maternal loss
A

Shape: diffuse
Invasion: epitheliochorial
Interdigitation: folded
Maternal loss: adeciduate

21
Q

For the COW, describe the following in reference to its placental types:

  • Shape
  • Invasion
  • Interdigitation
  • Maternal loss
A

Shape: cotyledonary
Invasion: epitheliochorial
Interdigitation: villous
Maternal loss: adeciduate

22
Q

For the EWE, describe the following in reference to its placental types:

  • Shape
  • Invasion
  • Interdigitation
  • Maternal loss
A

Shape: cotyledonary
Invasion: syndesmochorial
Interdigitation: villous
Maternal loss: adeciduate

23
Q

For the GOAT, describe the following in reference to its placental types:

  • Shape
  • Invasion
  • Interdigitation
  • Maternal loss
A

Shape: cotyledonary
Invasion: syndesmochorial
Interdigitation: —
Maternal loss: adeciduate

24
Q

For the DOG, describe the following in reference to its placental types:

  • Shape
  • Invasion
  • Interdigitation
  • Maternal loss
A

Shape: zonary
Invasion: endotheliochorial
Interdigitation: labyrinthine
Maternal loss: deciduate

25
Q

For the CAT, describe the following in reference to its placental types:

  • Shape
  • Invasion
  • Interdigitation
  • Maternal loss
A

Shape: zonary
Invasion: endotheliochorial
Interdigitation: labyrinthine
Maternal loss: deciduate

26
Q

For the PRIMATE, describe the following in reference to its placental types:

  • Shape
  • Invasion
  • Interdigitation
  • Maternal loss
A

Shape: discoidal
Invasion: hemochorial
Interdigitation: trabecular
Maternal loss: deciduate

27
Q

For the MOUSE, describe the following in reference to its placental types:

  • Shape
  • Invasion
  • Interdigitation
  • Maternal loss
A

Shape: discoidal
Invasion: hemochorial
Interdigitation: labyrinthine
Maternal loss: deciduate

28
Q

For the LLAMA, describe the following in reference to its placental types:

  • Shape
  • Invasion
  • Interdigitation
  • Maternal loss
A

Shape: diffuse
Invasion: epitheliochorial
Interdigitation: —
Maternal loss: adeciduate

29
Q

Describe hemopahgous zones.

A
  • Specialized area of carnivore placenta where a considerable amount of blood is extravasated.
  • Phagocytoses maternal erythrocytes for iron uptake.
  • Form green or brown pigments seen at birth when the placenta ruptures
  • Also found within placentomes
30
Q

Describe areolae.

A
  • Areas of chorion with clustered microvilli overlying the mouths of the uterine glands.
  • Glandular secretions separate the two epithelia.
  • In the horse, they surround the microcotyledon area.
  • In the pig, they are very large and contain uteroferrin (which is purple).
31
Q

Describe necrotic tips.

A
  • Found in the porcupine placenta
  • Avascular paraplacental region on either end
  • Prevents vascular anastomoses between adjacent placentas in utero.
32
Q

Describe endometrial cups.

A
  • Only invasive structure in the equine placenta
  • Secrete high volumes of equine chorionic gonadotropin
  • Formed by trophoblast cells
  • Binucleate

Reproduction Final (2015) (9 decks)

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