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Reproduction Final (2015) > Reproduction Final Part 5 (Pozor) > Flashcards

Reproduction Final Part 5 (Pozor) Flashcards

1
Q

Activation of the fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis leads to what?

A

An increase in fetal adrenocorticohormone (ACTH) and cortisol.

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2
Q

What effects does cortisol have on the placenta leading up to parturition?

A
  • Promotes enzymatic changes

- Encourages prostaglandin release

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3
Q

During parturition, (increased/decreasaed) progesterone is seen. This results in _____________.

A

During parturition, DECREASED progesterone is seen. This results in removal of the progesterone block.

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4
Q

What role in parturition does estrogen play?

A

Increased estrogen enhances uterine sensitivity to oxytocin and promotes prostaglandin release. Where the uterus was “relaxed” under progesterone, it is now “excitable” with estrogen.

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5
Q

What role in parturition does prostaglandin play?

A

Causes luteolysis, if the CL is still present. Also causes uterine contractions.

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6
Q

Name two hormone directly responsible for uterine contractions.

A

Oxytocin and Prostglandin

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7
Q

Describe the Ferguson reflex.

A

The sensation of distension of the uterus, cervix, and vagina by the fetus that results in a release of oxytocin.

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8
Q

T/F: Both uterine contractions and abdominal muscle contractions are involved in parturition.

A

TRUE

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9
Q

What is the role in parturition of relaxin?

A

It encourages pelvic and genital tract softening to facilitate birth.

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10
Q

T/F: Foals due to be born in spring have a longer gestation than those due to be born in the summer.

A

TRUE

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11
Q

For the following situations of BOVINE fetuses, describe which gestation will be longer:

  • Bull v. Cow
  • Twins v. Single
A

Bulls have LONGER gestation than Cows.

Twins have SHORTER gestation than singles.

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12
Q

T/F: Cats can stop parturition for a long interval, only to resume later.

A

TRUE

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13
Q

Describe stage I of parturition.

A

“Preparation”

  • Uterine contractions
  • Cervical softening and dilation
  • Fetal repositioning
  • Nest building behavior can be seen in pigs, cats, and dogs.
  • Cattle and sheep isolate themselves from the herd.
  • Colic-like signs in the horse.
  • Poor appetite and restlessness is common.
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14
Q

Describe stage II of parturition.

A

“Fetal Expulsion aka Labor”

  • Starts with the rupture of the chorioallantois.
  • Ends with complete expulsion of the fetus.
  • Abdominal and uterine contractions
  • Allantoic and amniotic fluids lubricate the vagina and facilitate fetal passage.
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15
Q

Describe amniotic fluid as compared to allantoic fluid.

A

Amniotic fluid is more slippery and tenacious than the thin watery allantoic fluid.

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16
Q

Describe stage III of parturition.

A
  • Continued uterine contractions
  • Expulsion of fetal membranes
  • In species with multiple fetuses, stages II and III repeat after one another until completion.
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17
Q

What is the puerperium?

A

The period from fetal delivery until complete unterine involution.

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18
Q

Name some effects of postpartum uterine contractions.

A
  • Uterus returns to normal size
  • Placenta is expelled
  • Hemorrhage is decreased
  • Fluids are mechanically evacuated
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19
Q

What is the normal fluid which is passed from the uterus during puerperium? What are some of its contents?

A

Lochia –>

  • Red and white blood cells
  • Remnants of fetal and maternal tissue
  • Fetal fluids
  • Lysed blood
  • Mucus
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20
Q

What happens if the placenta is not expelled from the uterus postpartum?

A

It rots! Fertility and overall health of the female can be permanently compromised.

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21
Q

T/F: Lochia has a foul smell.

A

FALSE

22
Q

The mesovarium is a portion of what ligament?

A

Broad ligament

23
Q

T/F: Ovaries are equally productive.

A

FALSE

The right ovary is more productive than the left (60/40).

24
Q

The uterine tube is suspended by what portion of the broad ligament?

A

Mesosalpinx.

25
Q

The tubo-uterine junction is closed except for what two times?

A
  • During estrus

- 4-5 days after estrus

26
Q

Which layer of the uterus is mucosal? Which is muscular? Which is serous?

A

Mucosal –> endometrium
Muscular –> myometrium
Serous –> perimetrium

27
Q

Which layer of the uterus contains the uterine glands that produce prostaglandins?

A

Endometrium

28
Q

The uterus is suspended by what portion of the broad ligament?

A

Mesometrium

29
Q

Name a function of the vestibule.

A

It secretes mucus containing pheromones during estrus.

30
Q

Name the three paired arteries that provide blood supply to the female reproductive tract.

A
  • Utero-ovarian arteries
  • Uterine arteries
  • Branches of the internal pudendal arteries
31
Q

Describe the boundaries of the pelvic canal.

A

Dorsal: Sacrum
Lateral: Iliac shafts
Ventral: Pubis

32
Q

Around what age in cattle is puberty reached?

A

10 months

33
Q

Describe proestrus in cattle.

A
  • Lasts 2-3 days
  • CL regresses
  • Dominant follicle grows
  • Uterine tone increases
34
Q

Describe estrus in cattle.

A
  • Lasts 12-18 hours
  • Estrogen concentrations peak early-on, followed by LH surge
  • Cow stands to be mounted
  • Restlessness, mucus discharge, and depressed milk production may all be observed.
35
Q

T/F: All cattle are bisexual in their mounting behavior.

A

TRUE

36
Q

Describe heat detection in cattle.

A
  • Key to artificial insemination (AI)
  • Many technological devices can accomplish this such as Gomer bulls, androgenized cows, tailhead marking, and much more.
37
Q

What is the optimal time for insemination in cattle?

A

Near the end of standing heat.

38
Q

Describe metestrus in cattle.

A
  • Lasts 4 days
  • Period in which ovulation occurs.
  • Period of development of the CL
  • Period during which progesterone rises.
  • The cow is the only animal that ovulates AFTER the end of estrus.
39
Q

Describe diestrus in cattle.

A
  • Lasts 14 days
  • Period of the mature CL, therefore progesterone dominance.
  • Pulses of FSH occur every 4 days.
  • Ovulation does not take place until the CL regresses.
40
Q

How long does a bovine embryo remain in the oviduct?

A

4 days

41
Q

How do cattle recognize pregnancy?

A

Luteolysis is stopped by bovine interferon tau (bINF-tau).

42
Q

During what period is a fertilized ovum referred to as a zygote? An embryo? A fetus?

A

Zygote until first cell division –>
Embryo until organogenesis is complete –>
Fetus for the remainder of gestation

43
Q

Duration of gestation is controlled by what in cattle?

A

fetal pituitary-adrenal axis.

44
Q

During gestation of cattle, what is the major hormone and from where does it come?

A

Progesterone from the CL

45
Q

Describe some hormonal changes that take place during bovine parturition.

A
  • Increased fetal cortisol levels
  • Increased fetal estrogen levels
  • Decreased progesterone concentrations
  • Relaxin is released just prior to the onset of labor.
46
Q

Name some changes that occur in the last 48 hours before parturition in cattle.

A
  • Teats become distended
  • Pelvic ligaments become relaxed
  • Vulva becomes edematous
  • Cervical plug dissolves.
47
Q

Briefly describe the stages of labor in cattle.

A

Stage I –> 12h; cervical dilation and uterine contractions
Stage II –> 2-6h; rupture of allantoic membrane; fetus is expelled; umbilical cord breaks spontaneously
Stage IIIa –> <12h; expulsion of fetal membranes
Stage IIIb –> 30d; uterine involution

48
Q

In most cases, how many ovulations are needed for a cow to get back to normal estrus behavior?

A

Three

49
Q

At what age are dairy heifers bred?

A

24 months of age

50
Q

Contrast the placentomes in cattle, sheep, and doe.

A

Cattle –> mushroom-like caruncle
Sheep –> cup-shaped caruncle
Doe –> shallow-dish-shaped caruncle

Reproduction Final (2015) (9 decks)

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