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Abi Biology 2017 > Mitosis > Flashcards

Mitosis Flashcards

1
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Cell division of somatic cells

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2
Q

Why is mitosis necessary?

A

For growth

To replace dead cells

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3
Q

What is a histone?

A

The protein around which DNA folds

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4
Q

How many chromosomes does a human cell have?

A

46

23 pairs

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5
Q

What do chromosomes look like when replicated?

A

Like an x

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6
Q

What does an unreplicated chromosome look like?

A

Like a vague S

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7
Q

What is the first phase of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase

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8
Q

What happens during interphase?

A

Three phases occur

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9
Q

What are the phases within interphase?

A

G1
S
G2

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10
Q

What happens during the G1 phase?

A

The cell grows

The cellular content replicates

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11
Q

What happens during the S phase?

A

Synthesis

DNA replication

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12
Q

What happens during the G2 phase?

A

The cell checks that replication happened correctly

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13
Q

How many phases of karyokinesis are there?

A

Four

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14
Q

What are the four phases of mitosis?

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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15
Q

What is a chromatid?

A

The one half of the ‘x’ of a replicated chromosome

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16
Q

What connects the two chromatids of a chromosome?

A

The centromere

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17
Q

How do you remember the four phases of mitosis?

A

PMAT

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18
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

The nuclear membrane, nucleus and nucleolus disintegrate
Chromosomes condense
In an animal cell, the centrioli move to opposite poles
They form spindle fibres

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19
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

The chromosomes line up down the equatorial line (in the middle of the cell)
Spindle fibres attach to the centromeres

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20
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

The spindle fibres of the centrioles shorten and pull the chromosomes apart
Chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
Cytokinesis begins

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21
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

The nuclear and plasma membrane form in the different daughter cells
Nucleolus forms
Spindle fibres disappear

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22
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

The cells separate
Animal: cytoplasm invaginate
Plant: transverse wall /cell plate forms

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23
Q

What is the main purpose of mitosis?

A

A mother cell divides to form two daughter cells

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24
Q

Do the daughter cells differ, either from the mother cell or from each other?

A

No, they are all identical and have the same genetic material

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25
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Thread-like structures found in the cell nucleus in all cells

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26
Q

What do chromosomes do?

A

Transfer hereditary characteristics from generation to generation

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27
Q

How do chromosomes appear when not dividing?

A

As a mass of threads in the nucleus called the chromatin network

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28
Q

What happens to the chromatin network when the cells divide?

A

The chromatin network condenses
The threads become thicker and shorter
They become single stranded chromosomes

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29
Q

What is the structure of a chromosome like?

A

The nucleic acid DNA that is wrapped helically around histones

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30
Q

What is a gene?

A

A DNA segment along the length of each chromosome

31
Q

What does a gene do?

A

Controls a specific hereditary characteristic

32
Q

What is replication?

A

When all genetic material in the nucleus duplicates itself

33
Q

How does the chromosome appear after replication?

A

Two identical units called chromatids

34
Q

How are chromatids joined?

A

By a centromere

35
Q

What happens when a cell gets cancer?

A

Its mitosis is no longer controlled

36
Q

What causes cancer?

A

A mutation in a particular part of the DNA

37
Q

What does your body do to try and prevent cancer?

A

The checks before prophase

The cell will “commit suicide”

38
Q

What can cause cancer?

A

Carcinogens (cancer causing agents)

39
Q

What is a tumour?

A

A mass of cells

40
Q

What are the two types of tumours?

A

Benign

Malignant

41
Q

What is a benign tumour?

A

A tumour that doesn’t grow
Does not penetrate tissues
Usually enclosed in a capsule

42
Q

What is a malignant tumour?

A

A tumour that grows

43
Q

What does a malignant tumour do?

A

Squashes healthy cells

Steals nutrients from other cells

44
Q

How are cancer cells different?

A

They do not listen to signals to stop growing

Spread around the body

45
Q

How do cancer cells spread to the rest of the body?

A

Through the blood stream

46
Q

How do cancer cells steal nutrients?

A

They produce proteins to grow blood vessels

47
Q

What is metastasis?

A

It refers to the spread of malignant cancer cells

48
Q

How is cancer identified?

A

Sometimes physical lumps are visible
Sometimes symptoms can indicate it
Blood tests can reveal whether you truly do have cancer

49
Q

What does a carcinogen do?

A

Causes a change or mutation in the DNA

50
Q

What are examples of carcinogens?

A 
Cigarette smoke
Radiation
X rays
UV light
Food additives
Dangerous chemicals
A virus can cause cancer as well
51
Q

How can a virus cause cancer?

A

Viruses mutate cells’ DNA

This can cause the cell to become cancerous

52
Q

What kind of viruses can cause cancer?

A 
HPV virus (cervical cancer)
Hepatitis B or C
53
Q

Is cancer contagious?

A

No, but the causes (like the viruses) are sometimes contagious

54
Q

Is it true that only females can get breast cancer?

A

No, males can get it too

55
Q

What is a doctor that treats and deals with cancer?

A

Oncologist

56
Q

What kind of tests are used to identify cancer?

A

X-rays: to look for a tumour
Blood tests
Biopsy- to test the actual tumour cells

57
Q

What are some of the cancer treatments?

A

Chemotherapy
Removal
Radiotherapy
Cryotherapy

58
Q

What is chemotherapy?

A

The patient is given a mixture of chemicals to destroy the cancer cells

59
Q

What is radiotherapy?

A

When radiation is used to focus on the particular spot where the cancer is

60
Q

What is cryotherapy?

A

The cancer cells are frozen with liquid nitrogen

61
Q

What ability do cells in multicellular organisms have?

A

To divide continuously

61
Q

What two types of cells exist in the human body?

A

Somatic cells

Gametes

62
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

Body cells

63
Q

What are gametes?

A

Sex cells

Female eggs or male sperm

64
Q

What kind of cell division is when gametes are formed?

A

Meiosis

65
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

The period during which a cell grows, replicates and divides

66
Q

How is the cell cycle divided?

A

Interphase

Mitosis

67
Q

What is the longest part of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase

68
Q

What is interphase?

A

The period between two consecutive cell divisions

69
Q

What are the two phases of mitosis?

A

Karyokinesis

Cytokinesis

70
Q

What is karyokinesis?

A

Division of the nucleus and chromosomes

71
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Division of the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane

72
Q

Why is mitosis important?

A

Growth
Repairs
Worn out cells are replaced
In some plants: asexual reproduction

73
Q

What happens to a cancer cell?

A

It loses its original function

Abi Biology 2017 (57 decks)

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