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Abi Biology 2017 > Plant Structures > Flashcards

Plant Structures Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main plant structures?

A

Root
Stem
Leaf

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2
Q

How can you tell that a cross section is that of a root?

A

It will have root hairs
It will have vascular tissue in the form of a cross
It will have a thicker endodermis

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3
Q

How can you tell that a cross section is that of a stem?

A

It will have vascular bundles
It will have pith
It has quite a thin endodermis

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4
Q

What is the function of the root?

A

Absorb water and mineral salts from soil

Anchors the plant in the soil

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5
Q

What are the two root systems?

A

Tap root system

Fibrous root system

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6
Q

What are the five regions of a root?

A 
Mature region
Root hair region
Region of elongation
Meristematic region
Root cap
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7
Q

What is Spring wood?

A

Secondary xylem

Is lighter and bigger, because it forms quickly

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8
Q

What is autumn wood?

A

Secondary xylem

Is darker and smaller, because it forms slowly

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9
Q

What is cork?

A

The outer bark of the tree

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10
Q

How does cork form?

A

The parenchyma tissue becomes meristematic

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11
Q

What makes bark so strong?

A

It is reinforced with suberin

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12
Q

What are angiosperms?

A

Flowering plants

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13
Q

What is the most advanced group in the plant kingdom?

A

Angiosperms

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14
Q

What two groups can angiosperms be divided into?

A

Monocotyledons

Dicotyledons

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15
Q

What is the function of the root cap?

A

Surrounds and protects the growing point

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16
Q

What is the function of the meristematic region?

A

Continuously forms new cells

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17
Q

What is the function of the region of elongation?

A

New cells elongate in this region

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18
Q

What is the function of the root hair region?

A

The place where root hairs (unicellular epidermal outgrowths) occur

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19
Q

What is the function of the mature region?

A

Where lateral roots develop and branch

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20
Q

What is the function of the lateral roots?

A

Increase absorption surface

Anchor the plant more firmly in the soil

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21
Q

What three regions occur within a root?

A

Epidermis
Cortex
Central cylinder

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22
Q

Where does the epidermis of a root occur?

A

On the outside

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23
Q

What does the epidermis consist of?

A

Epidermal cells

Root hairs

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24
Q

Where can the cortex of the root be found?

A

In the middle section of a root

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25
Q

What are the components of the cortex?

A

Parenchyma

Endodermis

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26
Q

Where does the central cylinder of a root occur?

A

In the innermost ring

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27
Q

What are the components of the central cylinder?

A

Pericycle
Xylem
Cambium
Phloem

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28
Q

Where can the root be found?

A

In the soil
It is dark
There are micro and burrowing organisms found here

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29
Q

What is the root cap made of?

A

Thin walled parenchyma cells

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30
Q

How does the root cap perform its function?

A

Fluid nature of protoplasm lubricates passage of root apex

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31
Q

How does the root grow?

A

Elongating cells push the root tip further in the soil

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32
Q

What is the outer layer of a root hair like?

A

Sticky to adhere to soil particles

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33
Q

What are the functions of the cortex parenchyma?

A

To store food
Allow water and mineral salts to pass through
Diffuse oxygen

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34
Q

How does the endodermis occur?

A

As parenchyma cells
Border between the cortex and central cylinder
Has Casparian strips on the radial and transverse walls

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35
Q

What is a Casparian strip?

A

A thickened cork part of the cell walls in the endodermis

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36
Q

What is the function of the Casparian strips?

A

Direct water straight into the xylem

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37
Q

What is the pericycle?

A

Parenchyma cells

They give rise to secondary (lateral) roots

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38
Q

Where is the vascular tissue located?

A

Within the pericycle

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39
Q

How is the vascular tissue arranged?

A

Xylem in the form of a cross

Phloem between the ‘arms’ of the cross

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40
Q

What is the function of the root xylem?

A

Transportation of water and mineral salts from the root to the rest of the plant
Lignified walls strengthen the plant and give it structure

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41
Q

What is the role of cambium cells?

A

In a dicotyledonous plant, they occur between xylem and phloem
They cause secondary thickening

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42
Q

What is the function of phloem?

A

Transportation of manufactured organic substances throughout the plant

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43
Q

What are the main functions of a stem?

A 
Bears the leaves
Bears the flowers
Bears fruits
Transportation of essential substances 
Stores reserve nutrients and water
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44
Q

What does the external structure of a stem consist of?

A

Nodes
Internodes
Terminal buds
Axillary buds

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45
Q

What is a node?

A

Where the leaves and side branches develop

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46
Q

What is the internode?

A

The part of a stem between nodes

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47
Q

What are buds?

A

Meristematic tissue in the stem

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48
Q

What is the terminal bud?

A

Occurs at the tip of the stem

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49
Q

What is the function of the terminal bud?

A

Primary growth (increases the length of the plant)

50
Q

Where can the axillary buds be found?

A

In the axils between the petiole and the stem

51
Q

What is the function of the axillary buds?

A

To develop flowers

Or lateral branches

52
Q

What three areas can be seen in a dicotyledonous stem?

A

Epidermis
Cortex
Central cylinder

53
Q

What does the epidermis of a stem consist of?

A

Cuticle
Hairy outgrowths
Epidermal cells

54
Q

What does the stem cortex consist of?

A

Collenchyma (in some stems)
Parenchyma
Endodermis

55
Q

What does the central cylinder consist of?

A 
Sclerenchyma cap
Phloem
Cambium
Xylem
Medullary ray
56
Q

What is the function of the cuticle?

A

Waterproof
Prevent bacteria from entering
Minimise water loss

57
Q

What is the function of the epidermis?

A

Act as a barrier between environment and external tissues

58
Q

What is the difference between hairy outgrowths on the stem and root hairs?

A

Root hairs: unicellular

Hairy outgrowths: multicellular

59
Q

What is the function of collenchyma?

A

Extra support
Sometimes contains chloroplasts for photosynthesis
Sclerenchyma can play this role in some plants

60
Q

What is the endodermis?

A

Brick-shaped cells that form the inner layer of the cortex

61
Q

What is the difference in the endodermis of the root and that of the stem?

A

Root: easily distinguished
Stem: less distinguished and even absent

62
Q

What is a starch sheath?

A

The endodermis of the stem when it stores starch

63
Q

How are the vascular bundles arranged?

A

In a circle

Within the endodermis

64
Q

What is the structure of a vascular bundle?

A

Xylem on the inside
Phloem on the outside
Cambium between them
Sclerenchyma on the outside of the phloem

65
Q

What is an open vascular bundle?

A

A vascular bundle that contains cambium

66
Q

What are the medullary rays?

A

Parenchyma cells that occur between the vascular bundles

67
Q

What is the function of the medullary rays?

A

Transportation between the pith and the cortex

68
Q

What is the pith?

A

Parenchyma cells at the centre of the stem

69
Q

What can sometimes happen to the pith during growth?

A

They rupture and leave a central cavity

70
Q

What is the function of the sclerenchyma cap?

A

Protection of the vascular bundles

71
Q

What is primary growth?

A

Increase in length

72
Q

What is secondary growth/thickening?

A

Increase in girth

73
Q

What is cambium?

A

Meristematic tissue for secondary growth

74
Q

What is fascicular cambium?

A

Cambium that occurs between the xylem and phloem

75
Q

What happens to parenchyma in the medullary rays during secondary growth?

A

Become meristematic

Called interfascicular cambium

76
Q

What happens to the interfascicular and fascicular cambium during secondary growth?

A

They join up to form an unbroken ring

77
Q

What is secondary vascular tissue?

A

Xylem and phloem rings that are formed from the cambium ring

78
Q

What is primary vascular tissue?

A

The ‘original’ xylem and phloem in the stem

79
Q

What happen to the primary xylem and primary phloem during secondary thickening?

A

They get pushed further away from one another

80
Q

What are pith rays?

A

Parenchyma cells that extend from the middle of the stem outwards

81
Q

How are pith rays formed?

A

Instead of forming vascular tissue, the cambium forms parenchyma

82
Q

What are annual rings?

A

Rings of secondary xylem visible in a perennial stem

83
Q

What do annual rings consist of?

A

Dark and light parts

84
Q

What are the dark parts of annual rings?

A

Autumn wood

85
Q

What are the light parts of annual rings?

A

Spring wood

86
Q

How can you tell a tree’s age by the annual rings?

A

By counting the annual rings (spring wood & autumn wood together equate to one year of growth)

87
Q

What kind of annual ring shows that the growth occurred during favourable conditions?

A

A thicker one

88
Q

What is heartwood?

A

The oldest secondary xylem

It occurs furthest from the cambium

89
Q

What is sapwood?

A

The youngest secondary xylem

It lies closest to the cambium

90
Q

What is cork cambium?

A

Cortex collenchyma that has become meristematic

91
Q

What does cork cambium do?

A

Divides

Forms cork cells on the outside

92
Q

What are cork cells?

A

Have no living contents

Have walls thicken with Suberin

93
Q

What is the function of cork?

A

It is impermeable to water

Prevents inner tissues from drying out

94
Q

What happens to the epidermis when cork forms?

A

Stops receiving water and nutrients
Dies
Flakes off

95
Q

What does the bark of a tree consist of?

A

Everything outside of the cambium ring

96
Q

What tissues occur outside the cambium ring (in the bark)?

A 
Secondary phloem
Primary phloem
Cortex
Cork layer
Flaking epidermis
97
Q

What is a lenticel?

A

A section of the stem where cork cells separate with large intercellular air spaces
They form small pores that look like yellow speckles

98
Q

Why are lenticels necessary?

A

They replace the stomata

i.e. They perform gaseous exchange

99
Q

What are the main functions of the leaf?

A

Trap sunlight for photosynthesis
Gaseous exchange
Transportation of water and nutrients

100
Q

Why is gaseous exchange important?

A

It is necessary for respiration, photosynthesis and transpiration

101
Q

What are the parts of the external structure of the leaf?

A 
Lamina
Main vein
Side vein
Petiole
Axillary bud
102
Q

What is the lamina?

A

The large, flat ‘blade’ of the leaf

103
Q

What is the petiole?

A

The leaf stalk

It attaches the lamina to the stem

104
Q

What are the main and side veins?

A

Xylem and phloem tissue that is connected to the stem

105
Q

What three section are visible in a cross section of a leaf?

A

Epidermis
Mesophyll
Vascular bundles (veins)

106
Q

Where does the leaf epidermis occur?

A

On both the upper and lower surfaces of the leaf

107
Q

What is the leaf epidermis like?

A

Transparent

Lower epidermal cells contain stomata

108
Q

What is mesophyll?

A

Parenchyma cells found in the leaf

109
Q

What are the two types of mesophyll?

A

Palisade

Spongy

110
Q

Where are palisade mesophyll cells found?

A

Just beneath the epidermis

111
Q

Where are spongy mesophyll cells found?

A

Beneath the palisade mesophyll cells

112
Q

What is the structure of palisade mesophyll?

A

Elongated
Thin-walled
Lots of chloroplasts

113
Q

How is palisade mesophyll arranged?

A

Longitudinally

Tightly packed

114
Q

What is the function of the structure of palisade mesophyll?

A

Allow maximum surface area to be exposed to sunlight

Allow for a greater photosynthesising rate

115
Q

What do spongy mesophyll cells look like?

A

Round
Loosely packed
Large intercellular air spaces that are connected to air chambers behind the stomata
Fewer chloroplasts

116
Q

What is the function of the xylem in veins in the leaf?

A

Carry water to the mesophyll cells for photosynthesis

117
Q

What is the function of phloem cells in veins?

A

Carry manufactured substances produced in the leaf to other parts of the plant

118
Q

What is the midrib?

A

A continuation of the petiole into the leaf

119
Q

What is the function of the midrib?

A

Same as veins

120
Q

How is the lamina suited to its function?

A

Large and flat: max surface area

Thin: easy diffusion of gases

121
Q

How is the cuticle suited to its function?

A

Waterproof: prevents water loss
Transparent: allows sunlight through

122
Q

How are the epidermal cells suited to their function?

A

Transparent: allow sunlight through

Stomata (lower epidermis): gaseous exchange

Abi Biology 2017 (57 decks)

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