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Abi Biology 2017 > Animal Tissues > Flashcards

Animal Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

How many types of animal tissue are there?

A

Four

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2
Q

What are the four types of animal tissue?

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nerve

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3
Q

How many types of epithelial tissue are there?

A

Four

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4
Q

How many types of connective tissue are there?

A

Five

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5
Q

How many types of muscle tissue are there?

A

Three

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6
Q

How many types of nerve tissue are there?

A

Two

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7
Q

What are the four types of epithelial tissue?

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Ciliated

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8
Q

What are the five types of connective tissue?

A 
Areolar
Dense
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
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9
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Striated
Smooth
Cardiac

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10
Q

What are the three types of nerve tissue?

A

Motor
Sensory
Interneurons

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11
Q

What does epithelial tissue do?

A

Cover internal and external surfaces

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12
Q

What is the general appearance of epithelial tissue?

A

Tightly packed
Few intercellular air spaces
Little material between cells

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13
Q

What is simple epithelial tissue?

A

Single cellular layer

Rests on a basal membrane

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14
Q

What is stratified epithelial tissue?

A

Multiple layers of cells

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15
Q

Where can squamous epithelium be found?

A

In the internal walls of cavities

Blood vessels, heart, alveoli, mouth oesophagus

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16
Q

What is endothelium?

A

The squamous epithelium that lines the inside of blood vessels

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17
Q

What is endocardium?

A

The squamous epithelium that lines the heart

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18
Q

What does squamous epithelium look like?

A 
Single layer
Thin
Flat
Tightly packed
Arranged Ina mosaic pattern
Nucleus horizontally flat and oval shaped
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19
Q

What does squamous epithelium do?

A

Prevents friction
Is permeable to gases and liquids
Protects underlying tissues

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20
Q

Where can cuboidal epithelium be found?

A 
Lines glands that secrete or absorb
Thyroid gland
Sweat glands
Salivary glands
Renal tubules
Embryonic epithelium
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21
Q

What is embryonic epithelium?

A

Gives rise to ova

And sperm

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22
Q

What does cuboidal epithelium look like?

A

Cube shaped

Nuclei are round and occur in the centre of the cell

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23
Q

What is the function of cuboidal epithelium?

A

Secretion

Absorption

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24
Q

What is secretion?

A

Release of useful substances

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25
Q

What is absorption?

A

Taking in substances

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26
Q

Where does columnar epithelium occur?

A 
Alimentary canal
If performing a sensory function:
Nose
Ears
Taste-buds
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27
Q

What does columnar epithelium look like?

A

Elongated (column shaped)

Nuclei near the base of cells

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28
Q

What are goblet cells?

A

Columnar epithelium with a dip

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29
Q

What do goblet cells do?

A

Secrete mucous

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30
Q

What is the function of columnar epithelium?

A

Absorption
Secretion
Sensation

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31
Q

What forms multicellular glands?

A

Specialised cuboidal and columnar epithelium

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32
Q

What substances do multicellular glands secrete?

A 
Enzymes
Hormones
Milk
Mucous
Sweat
Wax
Saliva
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33
Q

Where can ciliated epithelium be found?

A 
Nasal cavities
Trachea
Bronchi
Sensory organs (ear)
Fallopian tubes
Uterus
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34
Q

What does ciliated epithelium look like?

A

Columnar cells

With fine hairs (cilia)

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35
Q

What do the cilia on ciliated epithelium do?

A

Perform fast, rhythmical wave-like movements

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36
Q

What is the function of ciliated epithelium?

A

Move mucous away from the lungs (particularly dust particles trapped within the mucous)
Detect stimuli in sensory organs
Move the ovum

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37
Q

What does connective tissue do?

A

Binds, supports or surrounds other tissues or organs

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38
Q

What makes up the largest part of connective tissue?

A

The matrix that occurs between the cells and fibres

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39
Q

What can the matrix be?

A

Non-living
Fluid
Semi-fluid/jelly-like
Solid

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40
Q

Where can areolar connective tissue be found?

A

Layer beneath the skin

As packing tissue (between organs, blood vessels, nerves and muscles)

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41
Q

What is the areolar tissue like?

A

Jelly-like matrix
Two types of fibres within it
With other cells dispersed in it

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42
Q

What two kinds of fibres can be found in areolar connective tissue?

A

Yellow

White

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43
Q

What are yellow areolar fibres like?

A

Elastic

Branched

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44
Q

What are white areolar fibres like?

A

Inelastic collagen

Parallel

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45
Q

What cells can be scattered in the matrix of areolar tissue?

A 
Fibroblasts
Macrophages
Mast cells
Fat cells
Lymphocytes
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46
Q

What does areolar connective tissue do?

A

Prevents heat loss (insulation)

Protects the organs (as packing tissue)

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47
Q

What is adipose?

A

Areolar connective tissue that has a large number of fat cells

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48
Q

Where can dense connective tissue be found?

A

Near muscles and bones

In joints

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49
Q

What are the two types of dense connective?

A

Tendons

Ligaments

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50
Q

What are ligaments like?

A

Connect bone to bone

Are elastic

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51
Q

What are tendons like?

A

Inelastic

Connect muscle to bone

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52
Q

What is dense connective tissue like?

A

Small amount of matrix
Small number of cells
Lots of parallel fibres

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53
Q

How does a ligament differ from a tendon in appearance?

A

Ligament: more yellow fibres
Tendon: more white fibres

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54
Q

What do ligaments do?

A

Permit a degree of movement in joints

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55
Q

What do tendons do?

A

Relay muscle contraction and relaxation to the bone so that movement can take place

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56
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Tough elastic connective tissue

Forms part of the endoskeleton for vertebrates

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57
Q

Where can cartilage be found?

A

Between bones
Lines joints
Forms some permanent structures (pinna, tip of the nose, c-shaped rings in the trachea)

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58
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline
Fibrous
Elastic

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59
Q

What is hyaline cartilage like?

A

Glass-like

Has few fibres

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60
Q

What is fibrous cartilage like?

A

Has many white collagen fibres

61
Q

What is elastic cartilage like?

A

Has many yellow fibres

62
Q

What is cartilage like?

A

Has a tough, rubbery matrix
Has lacunae
Has Chondrocytes
Is enclosed by the perichondrium

63
Q

What does cartilage matrix consist of?

A

Mainly the protein chondrin

64
Q

What are lacunae?

A

Fluid-filled spaces

65
Q

What are chondrocytes?

A

Cartilage cells that secrete the matrix

66
Q

How do chondrocytes occur?

A

In the lacunae
Alone
In pairs
Groups of four

67
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A

A fibrous membrane that surrounds the cartilage

68
Q

What does cartilage do?

A 
Connects bones
Deepens joint sockets to prevent dislocation without hindering movement
Shock absorption 
Forms permanent structures
Prevents friction
Keeps tubes open
69
Q

Where does bone occur?

A

In the skeletons of vertebrates

70
Q

What is bone like?

A

Harder than cartilage

71
Q

What is the structure of bone like?

A 
Hard matrix
Haversian canals
Lamellae 
Lacunae
Osteocyte 
Canaliculi
Periosteum
72
Q

What does the hard matrix of bone consist of?

A

Calcium phosphate

Calcium carbonate

73
Q

What are Haversian canals?

A

Longitudinal canals that occur in bone tissue

74
Q

What do Haversian canals do?

A

Contain blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels

75
Q

What are the lamellae?

A

Concentric layers which surround the Haversian canal

76
Q

What are lacunae?

A

Fluid spaces

77
Q

Where can the lacunae of bone be found?

A

In the lamellae

78
Q

What is an osteocyte?

A

A bone cell

79
Q

Where do osteocytes occur?

A

In bone lacunae

80
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

Small canals that connect lacunae and lamellae

81
Q

What is a periosteum?

A

A fibrous membrane that encloses bone

82
Q

What is a Haversian system?

A

A group of concentric lamellae which surround the Haversian canal

83
Q

What is the function of bone?

A 
Supporting framework
Protection for delicate organs
Attachment
Manufacturing of blood corpuscles
Storage of minerals
84
Q

Why is blood a unique connective tissue?

A

It is the only liquid connective tissue

Contains no fibres

85
Q

Where can blood be found?

A

In blood vessels

86
Q

What are the three types of blood cells?

A

Leucocytes
Erythrocytes
Thrombocytes

87
Q

What is the matrix of blood?

A

Blood plasma

88
Q

What is blood plasma like?

A

Yellow

Watery

89
Q

What are leucocytes?

A

White blood cells

90
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

Red blood cells

91
Q

What are thrombocytes?

A

Platelets

92
Q

How much water does blood plasma contain?

A

90%

93
Q

What is 10% of blood plasma?

A

Dissolved substances

94
Q

What kinds of substances does blood plasma contain?

A 
Glucose
Fats
Mineral salts
Enzymes
Antibodies
Amino acids
Vitamins
Hormones
Gases (O2 and CO2)
Plasma proteins
95
Q

What are the plasma proteins?

A

Fibrinogen

Albumin

96
Q

What is the function of blood plasma?

A 
Transportation of nutrients
Transportation of waste products
Regulates body temperature
Transports hormones
Coagulation
97
Q

What is coagulation?

A

Blood-clotting

98
Q

What do erythrocytes look like?

A 
Disc-like
Do not contain nuclei
Soft and pliable
Can be squashed through capillaries
Biconcave 
Contains haemoglobin
99
Q

Why is is useful for erythrocytes to be squashed when they enter capillaries?

A

The slower movement allows for more efficient gaseous exchange

100
Q

What does it mean to be biconcave?

A

Indented on both sides

101
Q

Why are erythrocytes biconcave?

A

To allow a greater surface area for maximum absorption

102
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

An iron-containing protein
Acts as a carrier molecule for oxygen and carbon dioxide
Gives blood its red colour

103
Q

What do erythrocytes do?

A

Transport oxygen

Transport carbon dioxide

104
Q

What is haemoglobin called when it is bound to oxygen?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

105
Q

What is haemoglobin called when it is bound to carbon dioxide?

A

Carbaminohaemoglobin

106
Q

What effect does air pressure have on blood?

A

The higher the air pressure, the lower the rate of erythrocyte production

107
Q

What do leucocytes look like?

A 
Larger than erythrocytes 
Irregularly shaped
Slightly transparent
Virtually colourless
Have a nucleus
108
Q

What ability do leucocytes have that improves their function?

A

They can move between cells

They can move through the walls of capillaries

109
Q

What are the two types of leucocytes?

A

Phagocytes

Lymphocytes

110
Q

What do phagocytes do?

A

Engulf bacteria and foreign substances

They protect the body from infection and disease in this way

111
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

Produce antibodies which destroy bacteria and viruses

112
Q

What do thrombocytes look like?

A

Flat discs

Do not contain nuclei

113
Q

What do thrombocytes do?

A

Help to close damaged blood vessels (through blood clotting)

114
Q

What is the general function of muscle tissue?

A

To contract and relax in order to cause movement

115
Q

What is another name for striated muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal muscles

116
Q

Where can skeletal muscles be found?

A

Attached to bone

117
Q

What are skeletal muscles like?

A

Made up of muscle fibres

118
Q

What are muscle fibres like?

A 
A long cylindrical cell
Contains light and dark bands
Consists of sarcoplasm
Has a large number of oval nuclei
Many mitochondria
Contains thousands of myofibrils
Enclosed by the sarcolemma
119
Q

Why do skeletal muscles appear to be striated?

A

The light and dark bands of the muscle fibres cause this

120
Q

What is sarcoplasm?

A

The cytoplasm within a muscle cell

121
Q

What is a sarcolemma?

A

The membrane which encloses a muscle cell

122
Q

What do skeletal muscles do?

A

Allow for voluntary movement
Cause the movement of the skeleton
Work in pairs
These pairs contract and relax to result in coordinated movement

123
Q

Where can smooth muscle tissue be found?

A 
Alimentary canal 
Bladder 
Blood vessels 
Uterus 
Not attached to bone
124
Q

What is smooth muscle tissue like?

A

Spindle-shaped fibres
One large oval nucleus per fibre
Also has sarcoplasm
Also has a sarcolemma

125
Q

What does smooth muscle tissue do?

A

Allows for involuntary movement
Results in slow, rhythmic movements
Enables peristalsis to take place
Regulates blood flow

126
Q

Where can cardiac muscle tissue be found?

A

In the walls of the heart

127
Q

What is cardiac muscle tissue like?

A 
Branched fibres
Myocardial bridges
Fibres are cross striated
Fibres have a single nucleus in the centre
Also has sarcoplasm
Has a thin sarcolemma
128
Q

What are myocardial bridges?

A

The muscular bridges that connect cardiac muscle fibres

They ensure the cardiac muscle functions as a unit

129
Q

What does cardiac muscle do?

A

Displays automatism
Results in the uninterrupted, involuntary contraction and relaxation of the heart
This cause the heart to ‘pump’ blood

130
Q

What is nerve tissue made up of?

A

Neurons

131
Q

What are the two types of nervous system?

A

Central

Peripheral

132
Q

Where can the central nervous system be found?

A

In the spinal cord

In the brain

133
Q

Where does the peripheral nervous system occur?

A

Outside of the central nervous system

134
Q

What does a neuron look like?

A

It has a cell body

It has outgrowths

135
Q

What are the types of neural outgrowths?

A

Dendrites

Axons

136
Q

What does the cell body of a neuron look like?

A

Has cytoplasm
Has a prominent nucleus
Has Nissl granules

137
Q

What are Nissl granules?

A

Small dark bodies that are found in neural cytoplasm

138
Q

What are neural outgrowths?

A

Nerve fibres which extend from the cell body

139
Q

What is a dendrite?

A

An outgrowth which conducts nerve impulses to the cell body

There can be multiple outgrowths

140
Q

What is an axon?

A

Long outgrowth which carries nerve impulses away from the cell body
Enclosed by a myelin sheath
There is a single axon for each neuron

141
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

A fatty layer around the axon

142
Q

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

A

Insulates the axon

Increases the speed of nerve impulses

143
Q

What do sensory neurons do?

A

Conduct impulses from receptors to the central nervous system

144
Q

What kind of receptors do sensory neurons conduct impulses from?

A

Touch receptors
Free nerve endings
Sensory organs

145
Q

What is the function of motor neurons?

A

Conduct impulses from the brain to effectors

146
Q

What are effectors?

A

Muscles and glands

147
Q

What is the function of interneurons?

A

Conduct impulses between the motor and sensory neurons in the central nervous system

148
Q

What is the function of nerve tissue?

A

Allows an organism to receive stimuli

Allows them to respond by transmitting impulses

Abi Biology 2017 (57 decks)

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