pharm

Question 1

how does carbamazepine work?

Answer 1

reduces the ability of sodium channels to recover from inactivation - just like phenytoin

Question 2

what is a big danger of carbamazepine?

Answer 2

can cause aplastic anemia

just like parvovirus b19

Question 3

pharm of carbamazepine

Answer 3

p450 inducer

Question 4

drug drug interaction with carbamazepine

Answer 4

p450 inducer

Question 5

first order kinetics

Answer 5

fixed proportion metabolized - i.e. as you increase amount you increase metabolized proportionally (linear rate change-diagonal)

Question 6

zero-order kinetics

Answer 6

fixed amount metabolized and eliminated regardless of dose

Question 7

dopamine effect of vasculature?

Answer 7

vasodilation
this way by administering carbidopa (a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor) we can avoid hypotension :)
and hotflashes
and nausea and vomiting
and taucharrhythmias - all of which are associated with systemic dopa effects

Question 8

Haloperidol

Answer 8

D2 receptor antagonist -

D2 antagonism better at modulating positive symptoms (voices)

Question 9

Negative symptoms treatment in psychosis?

Answer 9

5HT2 antagonism

Question 10

side effects of low potency antipsychotics (chlorpromazine / thioridazine)

Answer 10

anti-histaminergic –> sleepy
anti-cholinergic - no pee/see/spit/shit
anti-alpha-1–>orthostatic hypotension

do not give to old people

Question 11

side effects of high potency first generation antipsychotics? (haloperidol / fluphenezine)

Answer 11

extrapyrimidal

• acute dystonia
• akathisia
• parkinsonism

Question 12

side effect of second generation antipsychotics?

Answer 12

hyperglycemia

Question 13

Signs of lithium toxicity and why would you have lithium toxicity

Answer 13

Ataxia / tremors / fasciculations - chronic toxicity
acute - GI

Why?
Overdose 
volume depletion
drug interactions 
- Thiazide / NSAIDs / ACE-i / Tetracyclines / metronidazole

Question 14

High arteriovenous concentration gradient of anesthetic indicates

Answer 14

That more is being extracted by the body and that it takes more time for the blood to become saturate - slowing the onset of action

Question 15

High blood/gas partition coefficient corresponds

Answer 15

to the solubility of anesthetic in the blood - a high coefficient indicates the anesthetic is absorbed to a greater extent by the blood and has a slower onset of action - deeper sink

Question 16

why is halothane hepatotoxic -

Answer 16

most anesthetic are cleared by exhalation - this one happens to be cleared by liver and the metabolits are hepatotoxic

Question 17

steepness of arterial tension cure of anesthetics

Answer 17

more soluble have flatter

less soluble have steeper