Heraldry Flashcards
Appanage
Late Latin *appanaticum, from appanare or
adpanare
‘to give bread’ (panis),
a pars pro toto for food and other necessities,
hence for a “subsistence” income, notably in kind, as from assigned land.
Pars pro toto (/ˌpɑːrz proʊ ˈtoʊtoʊ/;[1] Latin: [ˈpars proː ˈtoː.toː]), Latin for “a part (taken) for the whole”,[2] is a figure of speech where the name of a portion of an object, place, or concept represents its entirety. It is distinct from a merism, which is a reference to a whole by an enumeration of parts; metonymy, where an object, place, or concept is called by something or some place associated with the object, place, or concept; or synecdoche, which can refer both to this and its inverse: the whole representing a part.
_______________________________________
In law, a merism is a figure of speech by which a single thing is referred to by a conventional phrase that enumerates several of its parts or lists several synonyms for the same thing.
In rhetoric, a merism is the combination of two contrasting words to refer to an entirety.[1][2] For example, to say that someone searched everywhere, an expression is that someone “searched high and low”. The title of the tabletop role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons is also a merism and refers to its fantasy theme. Another example of a merism is the sword-and-sandal movie genre, a loose term for movies made until 1970 set in Classical antiquity.
Merisms also figure in a number of familiar English expressions. The phrase “lock, stock, and barrel” originally referred to the most conspicuous parts of a gun and has now come to refer to the whole of anything that has constituent parts.
In biology, a merism is a repetition of similar parts in the structure of an organism (Bateson 1894). Such features are called meristic characters, and the study of such characters is called meristics.
Merisms are conspicuous features of Biblical poetry. For example, in Genesis 1:1, when God creates “the heavens and the earth” (King James Version), the two parts combined indicate that God created the whole universe. Similarly, in Psalm 139, the psalmist declares that God knows “my downsitting and mine uprising” to indicate that God knows all the psalmist’s actions. In addition, Genesis 1:5 uses “evening” and “morning” as a merism for “one day”.
An appanage was a concession of a fief by the sovereign to his younger sons, while the eldest son became king on the death of his father. Appanages were considered as part of the inheritance transmitted to the puîsné (French puis, “later”, + né, “born [masc.]”) sons; the word Juveigneur (from the Latin comparative iuvenior, ‘younger [masc.]’; in Brittany’s customary law only the youngest brother) was specifically used for the royal princes holding an appanage. These lands could not be sold, neither hypothetically nor as a dowry, and returned to the royal domain on the extinction of the princely line. Daughters were excluded from the system: Salic law then generally prohibited daughters from inheriting land and also from acceding to the throne.
weard
GUARD - WATCHMAN
weard
From Proto-Germanic *warþō, an extension of a stem-verb *warōną (“be on guard”) (whence warian). Cognate with Old High German warta (“watch”) (German Warte (“watchtower”)), Old Saxon warda (Middle Dutch warde), Norse Old Norse varða (“cairn”).
varða (weak verb, third-person singular past indicative varðaði, supine varðað)
to affect, to concern, to regard syn.
cairn (plural cairns)
A rounded or conical heap of stones erected by early inhabitants of the British Isles, apparently as a sepulchral monument.
1826, Thomas Campbell, Glenara, in The Poetical Works of Thomas Campbell, page 105:
“Now here let us place the gray stone of her cairn: / Why speak ye no word!”—said Glenara the stern.
A pile of stones heaped up as a landmark, to guide travelers on land or at sea, or to arrest attention, as in surveying, or in leaving traces of an exploring party, etc.
tumulus (plural tumuli)
(archaeology) A mound of earth, especially one placed over a prehistoric tomb; a barrow.
barrow (plural barrows)
(obsolete) A mountain.
(chiefly Britain) A hill.
A mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves.
Synonym: tumulus
(mining) A heap of rubbish, attle, or other such refuse.
From Middle English berwe, bergh, from Old English beorg (“mountain, hill, mound, barrow, burial place”), from Proto-Germanic *bergaz (“mountain”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵʰ- (“high; height”). Cognate with Scots burrow (“mound, tumulus, barrow”), Saterland Frisian Bäirch, Bierich (“mountain”), West Frisian berch (“mountain”), Dutch berg (“mountain”), Low German Barg (“mountain”), German Berg (“mountain”), Danish bjerg (“mountain”), Swedish berg (“mountain”), Norwegian Bokmål berg (“rock, mountain, hillock, rock bottom”), Icelandic berg (“mountain”), bjarg (“rock”), Polish brzeg (“bank, shore”), Russian бе́рег (béreg, “bank, shore, land”).
Old English beorgan (“to protect”)
Ward
From Middle English ward, from Old English weard (“keeper, watchman, guard, guardian, protector; lord, king; possessor”), from Proto-Germanic *warduz (“guard, keeper”), from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to heed, defend”). Cognate with German Wart.
ward (plural wards)
(archaic or obsolete) A guard; a guardian or watchman.
From Middle English ward, warde,
from Old English weard (“watching, ward, protection, guardianship; advance post; waiting for, lurking, ambuscade”),
from Proto-Germanic *wardō (“protection, attention, keeping”),
an extension of the stem *wara- (“attentive”) (English wary, beware),
from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to cover”).
Cognate with German Warte (“watchtower”), warten (“wait for”);
English guard is a parallel form which came via Old French.
hlaford
BREAD-KEEPER
From earlier hlāfweard, from hlāf + weard. See also hlǣfdīġe.
hlāford m (nominative plural hlāfordas)
lord, master of servants
male head of a household.
laird (plural lairds)
The owner of a Scottish estate; a landlord.
laird (plural lairds)
a lord or land owner.
Estate
From Anglo-Norman estat, from Old French estat (French: état), from Latin status. Doublet of state and status.
The collective property and liabilities of someone, especially a deceased person. [from 19thc.]
(archaic) The condition of one’s fortunes; prosperity, possessions. [from 14thc.]
(obsolete) A “person of estate”; a nobleman or noblewoman.
(historical) A major social class or order of persons regarded collectively as part of the body politic of the country and formerly possessing distinct political rights (Estates of the realm). [from 14thc.]
(law) The nature and extent of a person’s interest in, or ownership of, land. [from 15thc.]
An (especially extensive) area of land, under a single ownership. [from 18thc.]
The landed property owned or controlled by a government or a department of government.
(obsolete) The state; the general body politic; the common-wealth; the general interest; state affairs.
Life Estate
(law) An estate in land which is owned by a party only for the duration of the life of that party, and for which ownership will revert to another upon the death of that party.
life estate pur autre vie
(plural life estates pur autre vie)
(law) An estate in land which is given by a grantor to a party only for the duration of the life of a third party, and for which ownership will revert to another upon the death of that third party.
From life estate + French pour (“for”), autre (“another”), vie (“life”).
(law) An ownership interest in a physical area of land with a set geographic location; real estate; real property.
Fee-Simple
The private ownership of property (real estate) in which the owner has the right to control, use, and transfer the property at will.
Own
(transitive) To have rightful possession of (property, goods or capital);
to have legal title to.
I own this car.
(transitive) To have recognized political sovereignty over a place, territory, as distinct from the ordinary connotation of property ownership.
The United States owns Point Roberts by the terms of the Treaty of Oregon.
(intransitive) To admit, concede, grant, allow, acknowledge, confess; not to deny.
1902, Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness, Tank Books 2007, page 25:
I am sorry to own I began to worry then.
1913, D.H. Lawrence, Sons and Lovers, chapter 5
They learned how perfectly peaceful the home could be. And they almost regretted—though none of them would have owned to such callousness—that their father was soon coming back.
(transitive) To claim as one’s own; to answer to.
1851, Herman Melville, Moby-Dick
I own thy speechless, placeless power; but to the last gasp of my earthquake life will dispute its unconditional, unintegral mastery in me.
(transitive) To acknowledge or admit the possession or ownership of.
(transitive) To defeat or embarrass; to overwhelm.
I will own my enemies.
If he wins, he will own you.
(transitive) To virtually or figuratively enslave.
(online gaming, slang) To defeat, dominate, or be above, also spelled pwn.
(transitive, computing, slang) To illicitly obtain superuser or root access to a computer system, thereby having access to all of the user files on that system; pwn.
Possess
From Middle French possesser (“to possess”), from Latin possessus, past participle of possīdeō.
(transitive) To have; to have ownership of.
(transitive) To take control of someone’s body or mind, especially in a supernatural manner.
(transitive, dated, chiefly with of) To vest ownership in (someone); to give someone power or knowledge; to acquaint; to inform.
_____________________________
Latin possideo
From potis (“able”) + sedeō (“sit”).
possideō (present infinitive possidēre, perfect active possēdī, supine possessum); second conjugation
I have, hold, own, possess.
I possess lands, have possessions.
I take control or possession of, seize, occupy.
I occupy, inhabit, abide.
From Proto-Indo-European *pótis (“owner, master, host, husband”).
Cognate with Ancient Greek πόσις (pósis),
Sanskrit पति (páti).
____________________________________
πόσις • (pósis) m (genitive πόσιος); third declension
husband
_________________________
HUSBAND
hús n (genitive singular hús, plural hús)
building
(only n pl) house to live in, home, dwelling
accommodation, dwelling, shelter
household
family, people living in one household.
From Middle English husbonde, housbonde, from Old English hūsbonda, hūsbunda (“male head of a household, householder, master of a house”), probably from Old Norse húsbóndi (“master of house”), from hús (“house”) + bóndi (“dweller, householder”), equivalent to house + bond (“serf, slave”, originally, “dweller”).
Bond in turn represents a formation derived from the present participle of WestScand. búa, EastScand. bôa = to build, plow; cf. German bauen, der Bauende. Cognate with Icelandic húsbóndi (“head of household”), Faroese húsbóndi (“husband”), Norwegian husbond (“head of household, husband”), Swedish husbonde (“master”), Danish husbond (“husband”) (< Old Danish husbonde).
Husband
HOUSE- BOND-MAN
From Middle English bond, variant of band, from Old English beand, bænd, bend (“bond, chain, fetter, band, ribbon, ornament, chaplet, crown”), from Proto-Germanic *bandaz, *bandiz (“band, fetter”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ- (“to tie, bind”). Cognate with Dutch band, German Band, Norwegian Bokmål bånd, Norwegian Nynorsk and Swedish band. Related to bind.
(law) Evidence of a long-term debt, by which the bond issuer (the borrower) is obliged to pay interest when due, and repay the principal at maturity, as specified on the face of the bond certificate. The rights of the holder are specified in the bond indenture, which contains the legal terms and conditions under which the bond was issued. Bonds are available in two forms: registered bonds, and bearer bonds.
(finance) A documentary obligation to pay a sum or to perform a contract; a debenture.
From Middle English benden, from Old English bendan (“to bind or bend (a bow), fetter, restrain”), from Proto-Germanic *bandijaną (“to bend”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ- (“to bind, tie”). Cognate with Middle High German benden (“to fetter”), Danish bænde (“to bend”), Norwegian bende (“to bend”), Faroese benda (“to bend, inflect”), Icelandic benda (“to bend”). More at band.
