6.05 Forming memories

Question 1

three stages of memory, according to information processing theory

Answer 1

sensory memory, short-term, long-term

Question 2

stage of memory in which information enters the NS through sensory systems or organs

Answer 2

sensory

Question 3

visual sensory memory that lasts a fraction of a second

Answer 3

iconic

Question 4

his work on iconic memory showed that participants could recall information that was shown to them for just a fraction of a second, but that this memory itself lasted less than 1 second

Answer 4

George Sperling

Question 5

process in which information that was just in iconic memory is replaced by new information

Answer 5

masking

Question 6

“photographic” memory of someone who can access an iconic memory over a long period of time

Answer 6

eidetic

Question 7

tiny little movements that prevent our vision from adapting to constant stimulus; iconic memory allows us to see our surroundings as continuous, in spite of these

Answer 7

microsaccades

Question 8

the brief memory of something a person has heard

Answer 8

echoic

Question 9

span of echoic memory

Answer 9

up to four seconds

Question 10

second stage of memory, according to information-processing theory

Answer 10

short-term memory (STM)

Question 11

information enters our STM through the __ __ filter

Answer 11

selective attention

Question 12

STM is encoded primarily in this form

Answer 12

auditory

Question 13

an active system that processes information in our STM

Answer 13

working memory (often used interchangeably with STM)

Question 14

his digit-span studies of STM showed that people could recall 7±2 pieces of information

Answer 14

George Miller

Question 15

the recoding of information into meaningful units to improve our STM

Answer 15

chunking

Question 16

STM can last about __ seconds without rehearsal

Answer 16

12 to 30 seconds

Question 17

when we repeat something that we want to remember over and over again

Answer 17

maintenance rehearsal

Question 18

third stage of memory, according to information-processing theory

Answer 18

long-term memory (LTM)

Question 19

capacity of LTM

Answer 19

unlimited

Question 20

type of rehearsal in which the learner creates a link between the new information and something else that was previously known, or providing context for the information

Answer 20

elaborative rehearsal

Question 21

which type of rehearsal is most effective at moving information from STM to LTM?

Answer 21

elaborative rehearsal

Question 22

two types of LTM

Answer 22

memory for skills and memory for facts

Question 23

memory for things that people know how to do, where knowledge is implied rather than stated

Answer 23

nondeclarative/implicit memory

Question 24

memory for skills and habits

Answer 24

procedural memory

Question 25

improvement in identifying things after having prior experience with them

Answer 25

priming

Question 26

brain location for storing emotional associations like fear

Answer 26

amygdala

Question 27

brain location for storing memories of conditioned responses

Answer 27

cerebellum

Question 28

condition in which a patient cannot form new long-term declarative memories

Answer 28

anterograde amnesia

Question 29

people with anterograde amnesia do not lose their __ memory, and they are still able to form new __ memories, like simple tasks

Answer 29

nondeclarative; procedural

Question 30

LTM that stores general knowledge that anyone could know

Answer 30

semantic memory

Question 31

LTM that stores personal knowledge about our own histories; tends to be updated and revised constantly

Answer 31

episodic memory

Question 32

__memories tend to be brought from LTM to STM easily, and they can quickly be made conscious

Answer 32

explicit/declarative

Question 33

according to this model, LTM is organized into a network, where information is categorized in a kind of hierarchy and related memories are physically close to each other

Answer 33

semantic network model

Question 34

memory that helps us to recall information that we will need in order to perform a task in the future

Answer 34

prospective memory