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RUSVM Pathology I > Inflammation > Flashcards

Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Define inflammation

A

Reaction of vascularized living tissue to injury

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2
Q

Characteristics of inflammation

A

Changes in vascular bed, blood, CT

Intended to eliminate irritant and repair damaged tissue

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3
Q

Signs of inflammation

A 
Redness
Heat 
Swelling 
Pain 
Loss of function
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4
Q

What are the roles of inflammation

A

Dilute, contain and isolate injury

Destroy invading microorganisms and/or inactivate toxins

Healing and repair

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5
Q

What are the three main outcomes of inflammation

A

Ideal conditions-> return to normal

Intense inflammatory response-> separate injured tissue

Failure-> sequel

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6
Q

What must occur for the outcome of inflammation to return to normal

A

Elimination of source of injury
Resolve inflammatory process
Restore normal issue architecture and physiological functions

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7
Q

What occurs if the outcome of inflammation is an intense inflammatory response?

A

Attempt to isolate inflammatory process and formation of a wall, like a capsule (e.g. abscess)

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8
Q

If inflammation fails what is the outcome of the inflammatory process?

A

Persistence of inflammatory cells

Scar formation

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9
Q

T/F: inflammation can occur in non-living tissue

A

F

Only in living tissue

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10
Q

T/F: inflammation can be more harmful than the initiating stimulus

A

T

Eg anaphylactic shock
Over-reaction

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11
Q

T/F: inflammation is unpredicatable due to the variety of initiating stimulus

A

F

Inflammation is fairly predictable irrespective of the initiating stimulus

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12
Q

T/F: inflammation is a highly redundant process with many promoters and regulators

A

T

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13
Q

T/F: inflammation occurs only in vascularized tissues

A

T

Critically tied to the blood (plasma, cells, vessels, cellular and extracellular component of CT)

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14
Q

The escape of fluid, proteins, and blood cells from he vascular system into the intersitum or body cavities

A

Exudaiton

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15
Q

Exudation implies what about blood vessels?

A

Alteration of normal permeability

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16
Q

A extravasular fluid that has: high protein concentration, cellular debris, and high specific gravity (>1.02)

A

Exudate

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17
Q

A fluid with low protein content and low specific gravity (<1.02)

A

Transudate

Results from hydrostatic imbalances across the vascular endothelium

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18
Q

The fluid in a hydrothorax is __________

A

Transudate

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19
Q

The fluid in a pyothorax is ___________

A

Exudate

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20
Q

__________ is excess fluid in the interstitial tissue or serous cavities, it can be an exudate or transudate

A

Edema

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21
Q

_________ is an inflammatory exudate rich in leuckocytes (primarily neutorphils) and parchymal cell debris

A

Pus

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22
Q

How is inflammation classified?

A 
Extent (min->severe)
Duration (periacute->chronic) 
Distribution (focal -> diffuse)
Exudate 
Anatomical modifiers 
Organ
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23
Q

What are the main characteristics of a peracute inflammation

A

Usually from a potent stimulus
No time to response

Time 0-4hrs
Vascular: 
-hyperemia 
-slight edema 
-hemorrhage 
Inflammatory cells:
-few leukocytes 
Clinical signs: 
-shock, sudden death
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24
Q

Infectious canine hepatitis is an example of ______________ inflammation

A

Peracute

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25
Q

What are characteristics of acute inflammation

A

TIME: 4-6hrs

Vascular:

  • active hyperemia
  • edema
  • occasional fibrin thrombi within vessels

Inflammatory cells:

  • leukocytes infiltration is variable
  • neutrophils are predominant

Clinical signs
-classical inflammation (heat, red, swelling, pain, loss of function)

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26
Q

Reactive inflammation of lymph nodes

A

Lymphadenitis

-occurs in acute, subacute, and chronic inflammation

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27
Q

Inflammation of lymphatic vessels

A

Lymphangitis

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28
Q

What is subacute inflammation

A

Gradual change between acute and chronic

Inflammatory response DOES NOT include reparative response such as fibroplasia and angiogenesis

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29
Q

What are the characteristics of subacute inflammation

A

TIME: larger time span

Vascular:

  • decline in magnitude of vascular changes
  • compared to acute inflammation

Inflammatory cells:

  • mixed or pleocellular inflammatory infiltrate
  • primarily neutrophilic
  • lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells
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30
Q

What are not features of subacute inflammation

A

Fibrosis and neovascularization

31
Q

When can chronic inflammation arise and what is evidence of it in tissue

A

Persistent stimulus -host has failed to eliminate causative agent

Evidence of host tissue response

  • scar formation-> fibrosis
  • parenchyma regeneration
32
Q

What are characteristics of chronic inflammation

A

TIME: variable

Vascular involvement: proliferation of capillaries and small blood vessesl –> hemorrhage and congestion

Inflammatory cells:
-mononuclear-> lymphocytes/macrophage/plasma cells/fibroblasts

Clinical signs: prolonged duration of inflammatory lesions

Sometimes lymphatic involvement

33
Q

Single or abnormality or inflamed area in tissue

A

Focal inflammation

Usually 1mm to several cm

34
Q

Arising from or pertaining to many foci

A

Multifocal

35
Q

Distribution that involves considerable zone of tissue within a inflamed organ

A

Locally extensive

36
Q

What are the possible origins of locally extensive distribution

A

Severe local reactions that spread into adjacent normal tissue

Coalescence of foci in a multifocal reaction

37
Q

What type of distribution involves the entire tissue

A

Diffuse

38
Q

Diffuse lesions are often due to _________ or ___________ in etiology

A

Viral or toxic

39
Q

Type of exudation consisting of or containing pus

A

Suppurative

OR purulent

40
Q

Liquid inflammation composed of accumulated dead cells,leukocytes, and fluid from inflammatory edema-forming process

A

Pus

41
Q

The process by which pus is formed

A

Suppuration

-implies neutrophils and proteolytic enzymes are present, and necrosis of the host cells has occurred.

42
Q

Collection of pus walled of in a fiberous capsule

A

Abscess

43
Q

Severe injury to endothelium and basement membranes results in ____________ exudation

A

Fibrous

44
Q

Yellow-white or pale stringy/shaggy meshwork which gives a rough irregular appearance to the tissue surfaces.

A

Fibrinous inflammation

45
Q

Inflammatory process where neutrophils and fibrin are abundant

A

Fibrinopurulent exudate

46
Q

What is the difference between fibrinous exudate and fibrosis

A

Fibrinous exudate- acute
Fibrosis - chronic

Different stages of the same process: transformation of fibrinous exudate (acute) into well vascularized CT fibrosis (chronic)

Fibrin on tissue surface is easily broken
Provides support for eventual i growth of fibroblasts and neocapillaries
Removed by fibrinolysis or by phagocytosis

47
Q

Inflammatory process in which the exudate occurs in tissues int he absence of prominent cellular response

A

Serous exudation

48
Q

What are the contents of serous exudate

A

Rich in protein

Derived from blood and locally injured cells

49
Q

Yellow, straw-like colour fluid

A

Serous exudate

50
Q

What will follow the rupture of a vesicle filled with serous exudate

A

Ulceration

51
Q

What type of inflammation is always chronic and has lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells

A

Granulomatous inflammation

52
Q

What are the most abundant cells in granulomatous inflammation

A

Macrophages

Epitheliod and multinucleated giant cells

53
Q

What is usually the etiology of granulomatous infection

A

Non-digestible organism or particle which serves as a chronic inflammatory stimulus

Mycobacterium, Actinomycetes, Blastomyces, Coccidiodies

Mineral roil, compels polysaccharides, or foreign bodies

54
Q

Necrotizing inflammation

A

Necrosis is main feature with minimal exudation

Process is interpreted as inflammatory rather than purely ischemic

55
Q

Hemorrhagic inflammation

A

Hemorrhage is the main feature

Etiologic agent will indicate that the process is inflammatory rather than a circulatory disturbance

56
Q

Segmental inflammation

A

Usually to describe intestinal

Only a segment is affected

57
Q

Catarrhal inflammation

A

Aka mucopurulent

Exudate is composed of mucus and pus

58
Q

What are the polymorphonuclear leukocytes

A

Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
Mast cell

59
Q

What are the mononuclear inflammatory cells

A

Lymphocytes
Plasma cells
Monocytes and macrophages
Platelets

60
Q

Cells with a multilobed nucelus containing abundant cytoplasmic granules

A

Neutrophils

61
Q

What are the two types of granules of neutrophils

A

Azurophil (primary) -dense

Specific (secondary)

62
Q

What are characteristics of neutrophils

A

Highly motile -amoebic movement
Chemotatic reponse
Phagocytic and bactericidal activities

63
Q

What are the functions of neutrophils

A

Phagocytosis and secretion of pro-inflammatory substances

Mediate tissue injury (free radicals and lysosome enzymes) and regulate inflammatory response (chemical mediators)

Kill microorganisms by

  • free radicals
  • hydrogen peroxide
  • lysosome enzymes
64
Q

Eosinophils are common in what response?

A

Allergic

Parasite

65
Q

Bright eosinophilic granules, segmented nucelus

A

Eosinophils

66
Q

What are the granules of eosinophilic cells

A 
Small 
Primary 
Large secondary 
-major basic protein 
-eosinophilic cationic protein 
-eosinophil derived neurotoxin 
-eosinophil peroxidase
67
Q

_____________ is strongly toxic to parasites and cells and can cause histamine release from mast cells and basophils

A

Major basic protein

68
Q

_____________ contributes to parasite killing and shortens coagulation time

A

Eosinophilic cationic protein

69
Q

What are ways eosinophils are effective in killing helminth parasites

A

Antibody-depended cell-mediated cytoxicity
Adherence and degranulation on helminth
-> major basic protein and esopinophilic cationic protein

70
Q

What cells mediate the antibody response and the delayed cellular hypersensitivity response??

A

Lymphocytes and plasma cells

71
Q

Cells with dense staining nucleus and very little cytoplasm

A

Lymphocytes

72
Q

What are the functions of macrophages

A

Phagocytosis
Modulate inflammation and repair
Regulate immune response
Produce IL1

73
Q

Cells with a prominent, central nucleus which may be folded or bean-shaped
Azurophilic granules

A

Machrophage

74
Q

Activation of macrophages results in what cellular changes?

A

Increase cell size
Increase lysosomal enzymes
Increase metabolism
Increase ability to phagocytose

RUSVM Pathology I (17 decks)

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