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Immunology - DVM year 1 > Exam 2: Dr. Pinchuk T-cell Mediated Immunity 1 > Flashcards

Exam 2: Dr. Pinchuk T-cell Mediated Immunity 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 signals to activate naive T cells?

A

1) Antigen-specific signal
2) Co-stimulatory signal
3) Cytokine signal

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2
Q

When do naive T cells encounter antigen?

A

During their recirculation through secondary lymphoid organs

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3
Q

Describe how naive T cells encounter their antigen

A

T cell enter a lymph node across high endothelial venues in the cortex
T cells monitor antigen presented by macrophages and DCs
T cells which do not encounter specific antigen leave the node in the efferent lymph
T cells that encounter specific antigen proliferate and differentiate to effector cells

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4
Q

What are the broad roles of cell adhesion molecules in the generation of immune response?

A

Migration of the naive T cells through the lymph nodes
Initial interactions with APC
Migration of the effector T cells into the peripheral tissues
Interactions with target cells

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5
Q

What are adhesion molecules doing?

A

Initiating and controlling T cell contacts with APC

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6
Q

What is the affinity like with adhesion?

A

First adhesion is low affinity and then it becomes his affinity to increase contact time

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7
Q

What is the first signal?

A

Specific, T cell receptors and MHC-antigen interactions

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8
Q

What does the first part of TCR complex do?

A

Recognize antigen

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9
Q

What does CD3 complex do?

A

Signals

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10
Q

What does TCR complex plus CD3 do?

A

Provides antigen recognition plus signaling

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11
Q

What deliver a signal 1?

A

Binding of the TCR and its co-receptor(s) CD4/CD8 to the peptide:MHC class II/MHC class I complex(es) on the DC

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12
Q

What delivers signal 2?

A

Binding of the T cell CD28 to B7 expressed on DC

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13
Q

What does T tolerance to antigens expressed on non-professional APC result from?

A

Antigen recognition in the absence of the co-stimulatory signal

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14
Q

What is CD80? CD86?

A

B7-1

B7-2

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15
Q

What is the co-stimulatory signal very important for?

A

Proliferation

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16
Q

What is signal 2 known as? Why?

A

Survival signal

Without it, T cells will die

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17
Q

What does the second signal need to work?

A

Specific signal

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18
Q

What causes the initiation of signal transduction?

A

Clustering of the TCR and accessory molecules together on the cell surface
Phosphorylation of cytoplasmic portion of the CD3 and z chains
Activation of adaptor proteins and biochemical intermediates
Concentration of intracellular signaling molecules around the receptors

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19
Q

What causes the transmission and amplification of the signal?

A

Activation of certain intracellular enzymes

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20
Q

What causes the transmission of the signal to the nucleus?

A

Transcriptional activation of genes that are silent in resting T lymphocytes

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21
Q

Look at signaling through TCR chart

A

Look at signaling through TCR chart

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22
Q

What do activated T cells do?

A

Secrete and respond to interleukin-2

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23
Q

What does rapamycin target?

A

IL-2 receptor and secretion

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24
Q

What do resting T cells express?

A

A moderate affinity IL-2 receptor

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25
Q

What do activated T cells express?

A

A high affinity IL-2 receptor and secrete IL-2

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26
Q

What does the binding of IL-2 to its receptor do?

A

Signals the T cell to enter the cell cycle

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27
Q

Do effector T cells depend on co-stimulatory signals?

A

No

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28
Q

What helps in the activation of Th1 cells?

A

IL-12

IFN-γ

29
Q

What does IL-12 and IFN-γ produce from Th1 cells?

A

IL-2
IFN-γ
TNF-α
TNF-β

30
Q

What is the major target cell for Th1?

A

Macrophages

31
Q

What helps in the activation of Th2 cells?

A

IL-4

32
Q

What does IL-4 produce from Th2 cells?

A

IL-4 and IL-5

33
Q

What does IL-4 do?

A

Direct Th2 differentiation

34
Q

What are Th2 cells involved in?

A

Immunity to helminths

35
Q

What helps in the activation of Tfh cells?

A

IL-6

36
Q

What does Tfh work with?

A

Germinal centers

37
Q

What does IL-6 release in Tfh cells?

A

IL-17

38
Q

What helps with the activation of Th17 cells?

A

IL-6 and TGF-β

39
Q

What are Tregs in the presence of?

A

TGF-β

40
Q

What do Th1 cells activate?

A

Infected macrophages

41
Q

What are the signals that Th1 cells send to macrophages?

A

CD40 and IFN-γ

42
Q

When do granulomas form?

A

When T cells cannot activated or only partially activated the macrophage

43
Q

What happens in Th1 complete macrophage activation?

A

Th1 cell and infected macrophage come together
T cell binds to and activates macrophage
Killing of intravesicular bacteria

44
Q

What happens in Th1 partial macrophage activation?

A

Partial activation of macrophage leads to granuloma formation

45
Q

What does IFN-γ do?

A

Proliferation and differentiation
Macrophage activation
Complement binding and opsonizing antibodies
Opsonization and phagocytosis

46
Q

What does Fas Ligand or TNF-β from Th1 cells do?

A

Kills chronically infected cells releasing bacteria to be destroyed by fresh macrophages

47
Q

What does IL-2 from Th1 cells do?

A

Induces T cell proliferation

Increasing numbers of effector cells

48
Q

What does TNF-α and TNF-β from Th1 cells do?

A

activates endothelium to induce macrophage binding and exit from blood vessel at site of infection

49
Q

What do Th2 cells simulate?

A

The proliferation and differentiation of naive B cells

50
Q

What occurs with B cells in the presence of IL-4?

A

Somatic hypermutation and class switching

51
Q

What are T follicular helper cells?

A

CD4+ T cells that enter the germinal center to mediate their helper function for antibody production

52
Q

What are BCR roles in B cell activation?

A

Signals to the B cell’s interior when antigen is bound

Delivers `the bound antigen to intracellular sites

53
Q

What is linked recognition?

A

Specific activation of the B cell by its cognate T cell

54
Q

Do T cells and B cells recognize identical epitopes on the same protein?

A

No

55
Q

What should the peptide recognized by the T cell be physically associated with? Why?

A

The antigen recognized by the B cell, so that the B cell after internalization of the antigen will produce an appropriate peptide

56
Q

Why is the requirement of linked recognition important?

A

Self tolerance

57
Q

When will autoimmune responses occur?

A

Only if both a self-reactive T cell and B cell are present at the same time

58
Q

What is the “bystander effect”?

A

Activation of lymphocytes that are not specific for the antigens of the infectious agent

59
Q

What happens if activation of the B cell by a Th2 cell is not primed by the same antigen?

A

It is followed by the availability of the self-antigen, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and IL-1 and IL-6 inhibit Tregs

60
Q

What B cells can helper T cells recognize?

A

Those that have the same antigen

61
Q

What are the functions of IL-17?

A 
Neutrophil accumulation
Monocyte accumulation
Increased mucin secretion
Synergy with IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and GM-CSF
Augmentation of inflammation
62
Q

What are cellular and humoral adaptive immune response initiated and controlled by?

A

Effector T cells- CD4 Th and CD8 cytotoxic cells

63
Q

Which APC is the most efficient at activating naive T cells?

A

DCs

64
Q

What do CD4 T cells play a central role in?

A

The function of the immune system

65
Q

What do CD4 T cells help B cells make?

A

Antibody

66
Q

What do CD4 T cells do?

A

Induction and control of Ig class switching and somatic hypermutation
Enhance priming and maintain response of CD8 T cells
Regulate macrophage function
Enhance neutrophil response
Orchestrate immune response against a wide variety of pathogenic microorganisms
Regulate immune response to adjust their magnitude and persistence
Suppress immune responses to control autoimmunity

67
Q

What are CD4 T cells important mediators involve?

A

Immunologic memory

68
Q

What happens without CD4 T cells?

A

Patients have SCID

Immunology - DVM year 1 (35 decks)

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