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Large Animal Medicine II > Reticuloruminal Disorders > Flashcards

Reticuloruminal Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of bloat?

A
  • Free gas bloat

- Frothy bloat

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2
Q

What is a free gas bloat?

A
  • A manifestation of an underlying primary disorder

- Sporadically occurs in one animal

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3
Q

What is a frothy bloat?

A
  • Primary disease where ruminal gases are trapped in small bibles within abnormally viscous digest –> depends on feed
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4
Q

What are common causes of fre gass bloat? Frothy bloat?

A
  • Free gas bloat is usually caused by choke

- Frothy bloat caused by alfalfa

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5
Q

What are the clinical signs of bloat?

A
  • Left sided assymetrical distension around the paralumbar fossa
  • Abdominal discomfort (restlessness, abdominal kicking, rolling)
  • Increased HR and RR –> animals can die of asphyxiation
  • Acute cases have death within hours
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6
Q

How do you diagnose bloat?

A
  • Clinical signs and passing an orogastric tube
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7
Q

How do you treat bloat?

A
  • Trocharize or rumenotomy for emergencies
  • Free gas –> stomach tube release
  • Frothy bloat - polaxanene, vegetable oil, dactyl sodium sulfosuccinate
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8
Q

How do you control and prevent bloat?

A
  • Free gas bloat –> treat chronic with temporary rumenotomy, treat underlying problem (esophageal obstruction –> evaluate rumen fluid, esophageal endoscopy, reticular US, exploratory laparatomy/ rumenotomy)
  • Frothy bloat –> change grazing and diets, give poloxalene, ionophores
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9
Q

What are the different types of rumen indigestion?

A
  • Simple/ primary –> has acute onset, due to diet change causes rapid decline in rumen fermentation
  • Secondary –> chronic, due to some other disease
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10
Q

What are the clinical signs of primary rumen indigestion? Secondary?

A
  • Primary –> acute anorexia with rumen hypomotility-atony, diarrhea
  • Secondary –> rumen atony, underfilled rumen, depressed fecal production, maybe diarrhea
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11
Q

How do you treat rumen indigestion?

A
  • self- correcting in mild cases
  • Rumen transfaunation (adjust due to patient’s feed), take at least 3 L (8-16L is best), repeat 2-3 days
  • Increase rumen fill 20-30L with Na, K salts, propylene glycol, niacin, alfalfa pellets
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12
Q

What is rumen acidosis?

A
  • Increased lactic acid production (poorly absorbed compared to VFAs
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13
Q

Which isomer is poorly metabolized in the body resulting in metabolic acidosis?

A

L isomers

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14
Q

What is the pathogenesis of rumen acidosis?

A
  • Lactic acid accumulates in rumen raises osmolarity/ fluid sequestration in rumen
  • GI content abnormalities inhibit motility
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15
Q

What are the clinical signs of rumen acidosis?

A
  • incoordination and ataxia, weakness/ depression, anorexia (rumen stasis, pain, dehydration), laminitis, sudden death syndrome
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16
Q

How does rumen acidosis cause CNS signs?

A
  • Gram negatives die, resulting in endotoxemia and histamine release
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17
Q

What is the prognosis of rumen acidosis?

A
  • Acid damages mucosal surfaces
  • Blood vessels thrombose, causing bacterial invasion, liver abscesses, mycotic rumenitis
  • Destroys rumenal mucosa
18
Q

What does SARA stand for?

A

Sub-acute rumen acidosis

19
Q

What are the clinical signs of SARA?

A

Reduced DMI, diarrhea, lameness, low

milk fat test, rumen stasis, etc

20
Q

What 2 groups of cattle are at risk for SARA?

A

Fresh cows and high intake

cows

21
Q

How can you diagnose rumen acidosis?

A
  • pH of Rumen fluid <4
  • SARA (<5.5)
  • Metabolic acidosis
22
Q

How do you treat rumen acidosis?

A

Mild cases self-resolve
Severe cases:
• Successful tx limited
• Emptying of rumen by oral lavage/rumenotomy
• Oral administration of rumen buffers (Magnesium
carbonate or magnesium hydroxide)
• Fluids to correct dehydration and acidosis

23
Q

How do you manage rumen acidosis?

A

Allow diet adjustment times
Feed enough roughage/ fiber
Manage feed consumption/ give ionophores

24
Q

What is rumenitis?

A
  • Inflammatory changes in the rumen mucosa and underlying tissues in cattle fed high
    energy rations with inadequate roughage
  • Includes liver abscesses and laminitis
  • Can affect up to 100% of herd
25
Q

What bacteria is responsible for liver lesions?

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum

26
Q

What are the clinical signs of rumenitis?

A
  • Sometimes asymptomatic
  • Chronic laminitis
  • Weight loss/ inappetence
27
Q

How do you diagnose Rumenitis?

A
  • Check rumen fluid pH
28
Q

How do you treat/ prevent rumenitis?

A

Modify roughage ratio
Alter feeding intervals
Antibiotics?

29
Q

How can you detect that cows are extensively mixing their own feed?

A

Look at the manure of identically fed cattle

30
Q

What are the clinical signs of traumatic reticulopericarditis?

A
  • Elbow abduction
  • Brisket edema
  • “Washing machine” heart sounds
31
Q

How can you diagnose TRP?

A

Grunt test (will normally drop to knees) or lift sternum

  • Increased fibrinogen (acute) and globulin (chronic)
  • Neutrophilia
  • Metabolic alkalosis
  • Chloride in rumen
  • Abdominocentesis ( increased WBCs/ PMNs)
  • Foreign body on radiograph
  • US
  • Exploratory laparotomy
32
Q

How do you treat TRP?

A
  • Medically –> give magnet, NSAIDs, fluids, rest

- Surgicaly –> remove penetrating object, drain abscess

33
Q

What is the prognosis of TR?

A
  • 60% survive when uncomplicated
  • 35% when TRP-AD (omasal)
  • 10% when TRP-PD (abomasal)
34
Q

What is Type 1 vagus indigestion?

A
  • Failure to eructate –> free gas bloat and ruminal distention
  • Due to vagus nerve damage via TRP
35
Q

What is Type II vagus indigestoin/ omasal transport failure?

A
  • Omasum can’t move food aborally from reticulum to abomasum

- Can occur from vagal nerve damage via mycoticomastitis, reticular abscesses, localised adhesions

36
Q

What is type III vagal indgestion/ abomasal obstruction?

A

• Primary impaction due to dry feed with limited
water
• Secondary impaction due to disturbances in
motility or pyloric outflow failure
• Following TRP, Right Displaced Abomasum

37
Q

What is type IV vagal indigestion/ late gestation indigestion

A
  • Motility is altered when the abomasum is displaced from an enlarged uterus during pregnancy
38
Q

What are the clinical signs of vagus indigestion?

A

Chronic progressive weight loss with abdominal distention/ papple shape

39
Q

How do you diagnose vagus indigestion?

A

Rule out other diseases

40
Q

How do you treat vagus indigestion?

A

Supportive care

Large Animal Medicine II (15 decks)

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