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Large Animal Medicine II > Diseases of the GI Tract > Flashcards

Diseases of the GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What is diarrhea?

A

An increase in frequency of defecation or fecal volume

Volume is increased by water content

It is diarrhea when more water is excreted than absorbed

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of diarrhea?

A

Malabsorptive and secretory

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3
Q

What causes malabsorptive diarrhea?

A

Damage to villous epithelium and loss of enterocytes leading to shrotening of the villi because loss is faster than replacement

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4
Q

What 2 events are the pathogenesis of malabsorptive diarrhea?

A
  1. Decreased surface area reduces absorptive ability of intestines
  2. Mature enterocytes are lost, as well as their digestive enzymes, resulting in a loss to absorb water

–> commonly caused by bacteria, virus, protozoa

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5
Q

What is secretory diarrhea?

A

When water secretion is greater than can be absorbed

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6
Q

What are some causes of secretory diarrhea?

A

Usually from hypersecretion from small intestinal crypts due to abnormal stimulation
■ This stimulation increases
adenyl cyclase activity & production of cAMP within the cells, resulting in opening chloride gates & secreting water, electrolytes, and bicarbonate
■ Most commonly caused by enterotoxins such as those produced by gram negative bacteria (ETEC) and sometimes rotavirus.
■ This type of diarrhea is more common in neonates.
■ Occasionally see ETEC in adults

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7
Q

What are the most common types of Salmonella inn cows?

A

S. enterica serotypes typhimurium, dublin (host adapted), newport

5-20% of cows estimated to carry Salmonella

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8
Q

What are some clinical signs of Salmonella?

A 
Systemic Signs of endotoxemia
■ Fever
■ Tachypnea
■ Tachycardia 
■ Scleral injection (red eye)
■ Weakness
■ Rumenstasis
■ Maldigestion
–Loss of mucosal epithelial cells
■ +/-Secretory
–Enterotoxin production
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9
Q

How can you treat/ prevent Salmonella?

A 
Treat = fluids, NSAIDs, antibiotics (C/S)
Prevention = management, control Clostridium
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10
Q

What is the causative agent of Johne’s Disease?

A

Mycobacterium avium ss. paratuberculosis

80% herd prevalence in the US

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11
Q

How is Johne’s Disease transmitted?

A
  • Ingestion is primary route –> manure, contaminated milk, water, feed
  • Intrauterine also spreads to 25% of calves
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12
Q

What are the clinical signs of Johne’s Disease?

A
  • Persistent and treatment-resistant diarrhea
  • Rapid weight loss with good appetite
  • No fever
  • Bottle jaw due to potential protein losing enteropathy in dairy cattle ages 3-5
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13
Q

What are the stages of infection in Johne’s animals?

A
  • Advanced clinical disease (severe emaciation, diarrhea, bottle jaw, wasting)
  • Clinical (weight loss, diarrhea, decreased milk production)
  • Subclinical (bacteria present and shedding but no clinical signs)
  • Silent (no apparent disease and not shedding)
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14
Q

How can you diagnose Johne’s disease?

A
  • Culture manure, tissue, environment

- PCR/ ELISA/ AGID on milk or blood

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15
Q

How can you prevent Johne’s disease?

A
  • Test herd with ELISA
  • Confirm disease with PCR
  • Eliminate shedding animals
  • Retest every 6-12 months
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16
Q

What is the causative agent of winter dysentery?

A
  • Bovine coronavirus
  • Sensitive to heat and common disinfectants, though survives cold temps
  • can withstand low pH, so survives in gut
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17
Q

How is winter dysentery transmitted?

A
  • Fecal-oral route most common
  • Wild ruminants are reservoirs
  • Highest age risk between 2-6 years old
    • high morbidity, low mortality**
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18
Q

What are the clinical signs of winter dysentery?

A
  • Anorexia, fever, liquid/ bloody diarrhea, respiratory signs, decreased milk production
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19
Q

How do you diagnose winter dysentary?

A

Electron microscopy, ELISA, RT-PCR on intestines, feces, rectal or nasal swabs
must collect within 1-3 days of onset of diarrhea

20
Q

How do you treat winter dysentery?

A
  • Fluids, antibiotics
  • No proven vaccine
  • Clinical signs may persist
21
Q

Which Clostridium causes myonecrosis?

A

Clostridium novyi Type A

  • Results in a very edematous wound caused by the alpha toxin
  • Causes “bighead” in rams
22
Q

Which clostridium causes “Black Disease”?

A

Clostridium novyi type B

  • Results in infectious necrotic hepatitis –> highly fatal in well nourished adult (2-4 yo) sheep
  • Peracute death most common (1-2 HOURS sheep, 1-2 DAYS cattle), will see venous congestion on ventral skin
23
Q

What clostridium causes bacillary hemoglobinuria?

A
  • Clostridium novyi type D AND Clostridium hemolyticum
    • infection occurs after infection with Fasciola hepatica**
  • Occurs in pastures with poor drainage
  • Affects well-nourished calves > 1 year
24
Q

What are the clinical signs of bacillary hemoglobinuria?

A

–Peracute = death
– Tachycardia, tachypnea,
inappetance, agalactia, pale mm, +/-fever, severe anemia
– Hemoglobinuria = red water

25
Q

What are gross lesions associated with bacillary hemoglobinuria?

A

Subcutaneous edema, petechial/ ecchymosis

** Hepatic infarcts are pathognomonic **

26
Q

What clostridium causes Braxy?

A

Clostridium septicum

27
Q

What is the clinical progression of braxy?

A

Initially warm, malignant edema, hemorrhage occur around the wound and eventually spreads down the fascial plane, becoming cold

28
Q

What clinical signs does the enteric form of braxy have?

A

Causes hemorrhagic necrotizing abomasitis in lambs
Other clinical signs include depression, fever, colic, tympany
fatality can reach 100%

29
Q

Which clostridium causes clostridial enterotoxemia?

A

Clostridium perfringens

  • Normally found in the intestines  disease occurs when bacteria and toxins accumulate
  • Types A,C,D in USA; B found everywhere else; Type E uncommon
30
Q

How do you prevent Clostridial agents?

A

Give vaccines and toxoids!

31
Q

What is hemorrhagic bowel syndrome?

A

A frequently fatal disease of dairy cattle lactating 3-4 months –> blood clots from hemorrhage creates intestinal obstructions

Associated with Clostridium perfringens Type A

32
Q

What are the clinical signs of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome?

A

Peracute progressive weakness and abdominal distention (can be mistaken for other obstructions)

Rectal exam appears basically normal

Transabdominal US shows dilated loops of intestine

24-48 hours = dead or septic shock

33
Q

How do you treat Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome?

A

Treatment usually
unrewarding

Medically: supportive care

Surgically: remove effected bowel

34
Q

Where does blister buttercup grow?

A

Grows early spring near bodies of water/ wet areas across the US

35
Q

What is the toxin in blister buttercup?

A

Ranunculin, a glycoside eventually converted to protoanemonin

Results in orally irritation and gastroenteritis

CS include excessive salivation, reddened oral mucosa, diarrhea +/- blood

36
Q

What are the toxins in pokeweed and what are its clinical signs?

A

Toxins are saponins, oxalates, and alkaloid phytolacine

CS include severe bloody diarrhea, colic, excessive salivation, death

37
Q

What are the toxins in coffee weed/ Sesbania and what are its clinical signs?

A

Found throughout US  grow in damp soil

Green seeds most toxic and remain so for years

CS include severe GI irritation, liver degeneration, hemorrhagic diarrhea, death

Treat with laxatives and activated charcoal

38
Q

What are lectins?

A

Glycoproteins that bind to cell receptors resulting protein synthesis inhibition and cell death

Found in seeds and are very toxic

39
Q

What are the 3 main lectins

A

Ricin (castor bean), abrin (rosary pea), robinin (black locust) new growth most toxic

2g/kg castor bean feed is lethal to cattle  intestinal irritation and profound purgation

Animals eventually die of hypovolemic shock

40
Q

How do you treat lectin poisoning?

A
  • Activated charcoal
  • MgOH
  • IV fluids
41
Q

What is the principle toxin in box shrubs?

A

Toxic alkaloids causing severe gastroenteritis, colic, hemorrhagic diarrhea

Cattle are exposed from discarded clippings

42
Q

What are some causes of rectal prolapse?

A

Tenesmus, dysuria, neuropathy, chronic coughing, genetics

43
Q

What is a grade I rectal prolapse?

A

Rectal mucosa prolapses. Small, intermittent, and common

44
Q

What is a grade II rectal prolapse

A

All layers of rectum prolapse. Common

45
Q

What is a grade III rectal prolapse?

A

Same signs as Type II although the large intestine prolapses as well. Uncommon

46
Q

What is a grade IV rectal prolapse?

A

Type III with an intact anal sphincter resulting in rectal/ intestinal constriction. Rare

47
Q

How do you treat rectal prolapse?

A

Purse string suture with umbilical tape for 5-10 days –> give an epidural to stop straining

Surgical amputation

Rectal ring

Treat underlying cause!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Large Animal Medicine II (15 decks)

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