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Large Animal Medicine II > Urology I > Flashcards

Urology I Flashcards

1
Q

What is the only antiinflammatory used for urinary obstruction/ rupture in small ruminants?

A

Flunixin meglumine

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2
Q

What is one of the biggest clinical signs of leptospira infections?

A

Abortions

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3
Q

What are some abnormal enlargements in the urethral area of males?

A

Hematomas, ruptured urethra/ “water belly”

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4
Q

What tool can you use to perform a vaginal exam on a cow, ewe, doe, sow/gilt?

A

A vaginal speculum

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5
Q

For what types of ruminants is a radiograph most useful?

A

In young or small ruminants

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6
Q

What is normal micturition like in the cow? Bull?

A

Cows –> urinate after standing up/ eating/ walking/ lying down, arched back, raised tail, straddled legs

Bulls –> arched back, raised tail, dribbling/ short pulsating urine

abnormal posture may indicate problem

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7
Q

How can you make a patient urinate to collect a sample?

A

Cows - stimulate vulva (“feather”) or catheterize

Bulls/steers - preputial massage (may or may not work), don’t catheter

Ewes - hold nose

Can use Lasix but will dilute urine SG

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8
Q

Which kidney is palpable rectally?

A

Left kidney

  • Found between 3rd-5th vertebra mobile
  • Smooth in goats, sheep, and pigs
  • Lobulated in cows
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9
Q

How do you palpate the urinary bladder in cattle vs small ruminants?

A

Rectally in cattle

Abdominally in small ruminants

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10
Q

What is the normal viscosity of ruminant urine? Color? Transparency? Odor?

A

Viscosity - watery

Color - straw/ amber, no abnormal proteins

Transparency - clear/ transparent, turbid/ cloudy not normal

Odor - ketones or strong ammonia abnormal

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11
Q

What is the normal range of a specific gravity for ruminant urine? pH?

A

1.020 - 1.040

pH 7.0 - 8.0 (acidic with ketosis, lactic acidosis basic)

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12
Q

What are some causes of red urine?

A

Hematuria - pyelonephritis, cystitis, urolithiasis, enzootic hematuria, embolic nephritis

Hemoglobinuria - Leptospirosis, bacillary hemoglobinuria, copper toxicity, post-parturient hemoglobinuria, cold water
intoxication

Myoglobinuria - Cassia toxicity, capture myopathy

** anaplasmosis results in normal colored urine**

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13
Q

What is the normal urea and creatinine levels in the cow?

A

BUN - 10-30 mg/dL

Creatinine - < 2 mg/dL
–> tends to increase faster due to urea reuptake in rumen

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14
Q

What is obstructive urolithiasis?

A
  • Condition in (usually castrated) males where urethra is blocked –> can be life-threatening
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15
Q

What causes Struvite or Calcium Phosphate obstructive urolithiasis?

A 
◦ High concentrate diets
◦ Diets high in calcium, magnesium, and/or phosphorus
◦ Low Ca:P ratio
◦ Pelleted rations
◦ Vitamin A deficiency
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16
Q

What causes calcium carbonate/ oxalate obstructive urolithiasis?

A 
Legumes
Oxalates
◦ Apples
◦ Sweet potatoes
◦ Dock
◦ Pigweed
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17
Q

What are some causes of high urine pH?

A

Herbivorous diet, high protein diets, UTI

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18
Q

What might reduce water ingestion by a ruminant?

A

Dirty water

Cold weather

Other diseases

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19
Q

What factors can predispose ruminants to obstructive urolithiasis?

A

Sigmoid process, urethral process in small ruminants (MOST COMMON SITE OF BLOCKAGE), early castration, exogenous estrogens/ growth hormones

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20
Q

What are the most common site of blockage from OU?

A

Urethral process/ vermiform appendage/ pizzle, followed distal sigmoid flexure

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21
Q

What is another name for Mg NH+ PO4? CaPO4?

A

Mg NH+ PO4 = STRUVITE

CaPO4 = APATITE

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22
Q

What 3 syndromes can occur from stones lodging at the urethral process or sigmoid flexure? What can prolonge partial obstruction lead to?

A
  1. Urethral obstruction
  2. Urethral rupture
  3. Bladder rupture

Partial obstruction –> hydroureter, hydronephrosis, bladder wall damage, urethral strictures

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23
Q

What urologic condition can be mistaken for constipation?

A

Stranguria

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24
Q

What are the clinical signs of urethral obstructions?

A

Stranguria - (often mistaken for constipation)

Urethral pulsations without urination

Anorexia, mild bloat, lethargy

Treading, stretching, kicking @ abdomen

Tail switching

Vocalization (especially goats)

Palpable bladder distention
◦ Abdominal palpation in small ruminants
◦ Rectal palpation in large ruminants
Azotemia

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25
Q

What clin path abnormalities would you see with a urethral obstruction?

A

+ Elevated creatinine
+ Hyponatremia
+ Hypochloremia
± Hyperkalemia

BUN normal until late

Creatinine of abdominal or SQ fluid 1.5-2 times serum

26
Q

What clinical signs would you see with a ruptured urethra?

A

Ventral and preputial edema

Aspirated fluid smells like urine when heated

Signs of uremia

In chronic cases, skin and SQ tissues begin to slough

Preputial adhesions

27
Q

What clinical signs would you see with a ruptured bladder?

A

Pain may subside

Gradual abdominal distension

Depression and anorexia

Signs of uremia

Large amounts of abdominal fluid with abdominal ultrasonography

Clear fluid on abdominal tap

28
Q

How can you medically treat urethral obstructions?

A
  • Phenothiazine, fluids (give dextrose if hyperkalemic), slowly drain uroperitoneum with trochar in ruptured BLADDER, make paramedian skin incision to drain ruptured URETHRA

Antibiotics

Urinary acidifiers

Need flunixin meglumine and meloxicam

29
Q

How can you surgically manage urethral obstructions?

A
  • Amputation of the urethral process (small ruminants)
  • Urethral catheterization / retrograde flushing
  • Perineal urethrostomy
  • Tube cystotomy
  • Ischial urethrostomy
  • Cystostomy

–> can give Acepromazine (antispasmodic) to control urethral swelling

30
Q

How should you prepare giving a urinary catheter to treat obstructive urolithiasis?

A
  • Give 1 part 2% lidocaine to 3 parts water for pain

- Bladder catheterization difficult due to suburethral diverticulum

31
Q

How can you lavage a urinary bladder?

A
  • Walpol’s solution (glacial acetic acid)

- Under anesthesia, titrate until bladder contents are acidic

32
Q

What surgical procedures would you use on an animal going to slaughter?

A
  • Urethrostomy, penile amputation, urethrotomy at site of obstruction
33
Q

What surgical procedures would you use on an animal used for breeding or a pet?

A

Tube cystostomy or bladder marsupialization

34
Q

How do you treat urethral rupture?

A

Urethrostomy, penile amputation, tube cystostomy,

–> need skin incisions for urine drainage

35
Q

How do you treat ruptured bladder?

A

Tube cystostomy for breeding animals/ pets

Urethrostomy with catheter for food animal, can also do perineal or ischial urethrostomy

36
Q

How can you prevent stone formation?

A

Delay castration as long as possible

Recommend females for pets

Give more water, avoid grain or have low grain diet

Keep Ca:P ratio at 1.5-2.1

Give proper Ca, P, Mg and avoid excess protein

Give urinary acidifier –> ammonium chloride with syrup

37
Q

What are the clinical signs of UTI/ Pyelonephritis?

A

Ill thrift

Fever

Vague colic signs

Stranguria

Purulent or blood in urine

38
Q

What generally are good options for treating UTIs/ Pyelonephritis?

A

Penicillin and B lactams (cephalasporins)

Diuresis also necessary

39
Q

What is the causative agent of Contagious Bovine Pyelonephritis?

A

Corynebacteria renale

Occurs via ascending urinary infection

CS include
• Hematuria, pollakiuria, pyuria
• Thickened bladder wall, enlarged ureters, painful kidney

Treatment: High doses of penicillin for 2 weeks, nephrectomy if only one kidney involved

Prognosis = poor

40
Q

What causes ulcerative posthitis and vulvitis?

A

C. renale converts urea to ammonia in high protein diets resulting in skin irritation, swelling, stenosis, phimosis in males, vulvar commisure distortion in females

angora and merino sheep most affected

41
Q

How do you treat ulcerative posthitis and vulvitis?

A

Debride, dry site/ environment, give penicillin, reduce protein consumption

  • Can give Petercillin –> lanolin, scarlet oil, oxytetracycline
42
Q

What is necrotic posthitis?

A

Acute necrosis of prepuce in bulls and steers, usually in wet feedlots resulting in F. necrophorum infection

43
Q

How do you treat necrotic posthitis?

A

Debride and give AB ointment, penicillin, keep environment dry

Prognosis is good if caught early, strictures occur if disease progresses

44
Q

What is the causative agent of “thin sow syndrome”?

A

Corynebacterium suis

  • Causes cystitis, pyelonephritis
  • Transmitted venerally from boar –> treat with penicillin
45
Q

What are the clinical signs of Leptospira pomona and grippotyphosa?

A

Severe hemolytic disease
Interstitial nephritis (may persist)
Tubular necrosis in calves

46
Q

How do you diagnose Lepto?

A

Microscopic agglutination test (MAT) not good for L hardjo

• Phase contrast microscopy, dark-field microscopy,
immunoflourescent
antibody test, & PCR can be performed on renal tissue, urine, or urine sediment.
• Culture is difficult and vaccine titers may alter result

47
Q

How do you treat lepto?

A
  • Tetracyclines/ penicillins/ long-term oxytetracyclines for herd health

Prevention: Vaccination is good, avoiding standing water, remove rodents/ wildlife, zoonotic

48
Q

How does embolic nephritis occur?

A
  • Secondary to bacteremia or septicemia –> bacteria cause infarcts in kidneys
  • Can be incidental –> need large lesions for clinical signs
  • Treat with antibiotics
49
Q

What metals are nephrotoxic?

A 
Arsenic
Mercury
Lead
Zinc
Copper
50
Q

What antimicrobials are nephrotoxic?

A 
Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
Sulfonamides
Ionophores
NSAIDs
51
Q

What plants are nephrotoxic?

A

Amaranthus retroflexus (pigweed)
Lilium (Earth lily)
Quercus (Oak)
Xanthium spp (Cocklebur)

52
Q

What other substances can cause nephrotoxicity?

A

Ethylene glycol
Vitamin C overdose
Vitamin D overdose
Mycotoxin (ochratoxin)

53
Q

What clinical signs pigweed cause?

A

Perirenal edema/ kidney pathology

Unknown toxic principle

Death occurs because of hypokalemia

No treatment, just avoid exposure

54
Q

What causes bovine enzootic hematuria?

A
  • Bracken fern
  • Can lead to intermittent hematuria and bladder neoplasia (TCC)
  • No treatment, avoid if possible
55
Q

What part of the oak tree are toxic?

A
  • Oak buds and acorns –> toxins are tannins or gallotanins

- Hepato/nephrotoxic, gastroenteritis, hemorrhage, edema, renal lesion

56
Q

What is renal amyloidosis and what causes it?

A
  • Amyloid deposition into tissues due to chronic antigenic stimulation
  • CS include hypoproteinemia, proteinuria, edema, diarrhea (resembles Johne’s disease)
  • No treatment
57
Q

What is patent urachus?

A

Congenital condition following C-section or (more rarely) as a primary defect or infected umbilical remnants

58
Q

What is a urachal abscess?

A

A congenital defect that:
• Usually located at proximal end of urachus
• A. pyogenes, E. coli, Streptococcus spp, Staphylococcus spp
• Often requires surgical resection.
• Develops within first 1-2 weeks of life

59
Q

What is polycystic kidney?

A

A congenital defect where:
• Usually unilateral. Other kidney compensates masking clinical signs
• If bilateral, calves are usually stillborn or die shortly after birth
• Commonly found on necropsy. Kidney is enlarged with a few large cysts or
several small cysts

60
Q

What is renal oxalosis?

A

Congenital condition where:
• Cows exposed to excess oxalate levels deposits in fetal glomeruli, tubules, &
collecting ducts
• These neonates also usually have cardiac and/or musculoskeletal defects as
well

61
Q

What are urachal vestiges? Clinical signs? Treatment?

A

• Persistent or infected urachus
• Signs include dysuria, pollakiuria,
stranguria
• Treatment by surgical removal

62
Q

What are some neoplasia of the urinary tract and where do you find them?

A

External genitalia
• Fibropapilloma
• Squamous cell carcinoma

Kidney
• Lymphosarcoma
• Adenoma
• Nephroblastoma

Bladder
•Transitional cell carcinoma

Large Animal Medicine II (15 decks)

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