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AP Psych > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Hindsight bias

A

The tendency to believe after learning an outcome that would have foreseen it ( I knew it all along )

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2
Q

Theory

A

Explanation using a set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

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3
Q

Operational definition

A

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a study

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4
Q

Replication

A

Repeating the essence of a research study , usually w different participants in different situations , to see whether the basic finding extends to others and circumstances

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5
Q

Case study

A

A technique in which one person or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

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6
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Observing & recording behavior in natural occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

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7
Q

Survey

A

A technique for reporting attitudes or behaviors of a group , usually w questioning & random sample of a group

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8
Q

Sampling bias

A

A flawed process that produces an unrepresentative sample

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9
Q

Population

A

All those in a group being studied from which samples may be drawn

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10
Q

Best basing for generalizing about a population is

A

Representative sample

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11
Q

Descriptive methods describe but DO NOT

A

Explain behavior bc these methods do not control for the many variables that can affect behavior

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12
Q

Correlation

A

A measure of extent to which two variables change together and how well either variable predict each other

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13
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

Statistical index of the relation between two numbers

-1 & 1

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14
Q

Scatter plot

A

Cluster of dots in which represents two slopes
Slope suggests direction of relationships between two variables
Amount of scatter plot suggests the strength of correlation

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15
Q

Illusory correlation

A

Perception of a relationship where none exists

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16
Q

Experiment

A

Method in which a person manipulates one or more factors ( independent variables ) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental processes

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17
Q

Experimental group

A

The group exposed to the treatment , that is , one version of the independent variable

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18
Q

Control group

A

The group not exposed to the treatment , serve as the comparison group

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19
Q

Random assignment

A

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance , the minimizing preexisting difference between groups

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20
Q

Double blind procedure

A

An procedure in which both the participants and the staff are ignorant blind about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo . Commonly used in drug studies

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21
Q

Placebo effect

A

Experimental results caused by expectations alone ; any effect on behavior caused by administration of an inert substance or condition , which the recipient assumes as an active agent

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22
Q

Independent variable

A

The factor that is manipulated ; variable being studded

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23
Q

Confounding variable

A

A factor other than the independent variable that might produce a effect

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24
Q

Dependent variable

A

The outcome factor ; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable

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25
Q

Validity

A

Which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to

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26
Q

Positive correlations

A

Two variables rise together

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27
Q

Negative correlation

A

One variable rises while the others falls

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28
Q

Scatter plots can help us see

A

Correlations

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29
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

Numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups include measure of central tendency & measure of variation

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30
Q

Histogram

A

A bar graph depicting the frequency distribution

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31
Q

Mode

A

The most frequently occurring store in distribution

32
Q

Mean

A

The average of the distribution

33
Q

Median

A

The middle score in a distribution ; half

34
Q

Skewed distribution

A

A representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value

35
Q

Range

A

The difference between the highest & lowest scores in a distribution

36
Q

Standard deviation

A

Used most often , a statistic that indicates the average distance of the scores from the mean

37
Q

Normal curve

A

A symmetrical bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data ; most fall in mean

38
Q

Inferential statistics

A

Numerical data that allow one to generalize to infer form sample data the probability of something being true of a population.

39
Q

Statistical significance

A

A statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

40
Q

Culture

A

The enduring behaviors , ideas , attitudes , values , and traditions shared by a group

41
Q

Informed consent

A

An ethical principle that participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

42
Q

Debriefing

A

The post experimental explanation of a study ; including its purpose

43
Q

Why is an operational definition necessary when reporting research findings

A

It allowed others to replicate the procedure

44
Q

Which of the following is most important when conducting a survey research

A

Choosing a representative sample

45
Q

Measure of variation

A

Range

46
Q

Descriptive stats do what

A

Summarize data

47
Q

Which is more likely to be emphasized in individualist cultures than in collectivist cultures

A

Personal achievement

48
Q

Which ethical principle requires that at the end of the study particpants be told bout the true purpose of the research

A

Debriefing

49
Q

After the student council election , a friend tells you he has known for weeks who would be president .. what is this

A

Hindsight bias

50
Q

A testable prediction that drives research is known as

A

Hypothesis

51
Q

Placebo

A

Effect experimental results caused by expectations alone

52
Q

What are the characteristics of experimentation that make it possible to isolate cause and effect

A 
They do experiments 
Use random assignment 
Study the variables 
Studies may use double blind to avoid placebo effect 
Experiment has validity
53
Q

The purpose of random assignment is

A

Ensure that every member of the population had an equal chance of being selected to participate in the research

54
Q

Central tendency

A

A single score that represents a whole set ( mode , mean , & median )

55
Q

How do we know whether an observed difference can be generalized to other populations

A

Need to know the sample studied was representative of the larger population being studied

56
Q

Which statistical measure of central tendency is most affected by extreme scores

A

The mean

57
Q

How are human and animals research participants protected

A

Animal protection legislation lab regulation and inspection and local ethics committees serve to protect human and animal welfare

58
Q

Can lab experiments illuminate everyday life

A

Researchers create a controlled environment in the lab in order to test general theoretical principles ; they help explain everyday behaviors

59
Q

Why do psychologist study animals & is it ethical to experiment on them

A

Some are primarily interested & others want better understanding of physiological and psychological processes shared by humans & species

60
Q

Which descriptive statistic would a researcher use to describe how close a student SAT score is to a school score

A

Standard deviation

61
Q

When a distribution of scores is skewed , which of the following is the most representative measure of central tendency

A

Median

62
Q

Which of the following is a potential problem w case studies

A

They may be misleading bc they don’t fairly represent other cases

63
Q

A scientists willingness to admit that she is wrong is

A

Humility

64
Q

What is the only one that can prove cause

A

Experiment

65
Q

Positive skew

A

If the right tail is longer

66
Q

Negative skew

A

If the left tail is longer

67
Q

Frequency distribution

A

Report findings from an observation

68
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

Some subject will alter their behaviors simply bc they know they’re part of an experiment

69
Q

Random assignment

A

All the subjects have a equal chance in each group

70
Q

Cluster sample

A

Divide population into multiple groups ( random )

71
Q

Convenience

A

Use population that is available

72
Q

Correlations can’t

A

Prove a cause !

73
Q

Surveys should use

A

Random sample

74
Q

A low standard deviation

A

The data points tend to be close to the mean

75
Q

The mean is higher than median when

A

It’s skewed to the right

76
Q

The median is higher than the mean when

A

It’s skewed to the left

AP Psych (17 decks)

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