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AP Psych > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Learning

A

The process of acquiring new & relatively enduring info or behaviors

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2
Q

Habituation

A

An organisms decreasing response to a stimulus w repeated exposure to it

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3
Q

Associative learning

A

Learning that certain events occur together

The events may be two stimuli or response & its consequences

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4
Q

Stimulus

A

Any event or situation that evokes a response

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5
Q

Cognitive learning

A

The acquisition of mental info , whether by observing events , by watching others , or language

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6
Q

Classical conditioning

A

A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli & anticipate events

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7
Q

Behaviorism

A

Thee view that psychology should be an objective science
That studies behaviors without reference to mental processes
Most psychologists agree w first part not second

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8
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

In classics conditioning , a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

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9
Q

Unconditioned response

A

Automatic response to UCS

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10
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

Agent that leads to a response without training

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11
Q

Conditioned response

A

A learned response to CS

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12
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

A former NS that comes to elicit a given response after pairing w a UCS

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13
Q

Acquisition

A

The initial stage in classical conditioning
When one links a neutral stimulus & an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response
Strengthen reinforced response

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14
Q

High order conditioning

A

A procedure when the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired w a new neutral stimulus , creating a second conditioned stimulus

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15
Q

Extinction

A

The diminishing of a conditioned response , when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus
occurs in operant conditioning when a response isn’t reinforced anymore

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16
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

The reappearance after a pause of an extinguished conditioned response

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17
Q

Generalization

A

The tendency once a response has been conditioned for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar response

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18
Q

Discrimination

A

In classical conditioning , the learning ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus & stimuli that do not signal an unconditional stimulus

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19
Q

What do we learn in operant conditioning ?

A

To associate a response & its consequences

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20
Q

What can classical conditioning be used for ?

A

Therapy
Overcoming fears
Body immune system

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21
Q

Which of the following is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience ?

A

Learning

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22
Q

Lynn is teaching learning . Every time she claps her hands , Charlie turns off the light. When Tandy claps in approval of Lynn’s presentation, Charlie does not turn the light off. What is the concept?

A

Discrimination

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23
Q

In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus

A

Naturally triggers a response

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24
Q

The work of Pavlov & Watson fits best into which of psych perspectives

A

Behaviorism

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25
Q

Who is associated most closely w operant conditioning ?

A

B F skinner

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26
Q

Operant conditioning

A

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforced or diminished if followed by a punisher

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27
Q

Law of effect

A

Principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely & that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

28
Q

What has an larger impact on our day to day lives ?

A

Operant conditioning

29
Q

Operant chamber

A

A chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforced
Attached devices record the animal rate of bad pressing or key pecking

30
Q

Reinforcement

A

In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the Behavior it follows

31
Q

Shaping

A

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer & closer approximations of the desire behavior

32
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers

A positive reinforcer is any stimulus tht when presented after a response , strengthens the response

33
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli .. a negative reinforcers is any stimulus that when removed after a response , strengthens the response

34
Q

Primary reinforcers

A

An innately reinforcing stimulus , satisfies a biological need

35
Q

Conditioned reinforcer

A

A stimulus tht gains its reinforcing power through its association w a primary reinforcer

36
Q

Reinforcement schedule

A

A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

37
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

38
Q

Partial reinforcement

A

Reinforcing a response only part of the time ; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

39
Q

Fixed ratio schedule

A

In operant conditioning , a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

40
Q

Variable ratio schedule

A

In operant conditioning , a reinforcement schedule tht reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

41
Q

Fixed interval schedule

A

In operant conditioning , a reinforcement schedule tht reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

42
Q

Variable interval schedule

A

In operant conditioning , a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

43
Q

Punishment

A

An event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows

44
Q

Who created law of effect ?

A

Thornedike

45
Q

Difference bwt positive & negative reinforcement

A

Positive strengthens a response by presenting a pleasurable stimulus after a response
Negative strengthens by reducing something negative
NO PUNISHMENT

46
Q

What do we call the kind of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer ?

A

Operant conditioning p

47
Q

Biofeedback

A

A system for electronically recording, amplifying info regarding a subtle physiological state

48
Q

Respondent behavior

A

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

49
Q

Operant behavior

A

Behavior tht operates on the environment , producing consequences

50
Q

What do we call it when the CR decreases as the CS is repeatedly presented alone ?

A

Extinction

51
Q

What do we call the reappearance after a rest period of an extinguished response ?

A

Spontaneous recovery

52
Q

Cognitive map

A

A mental representation of the layout of ones environment

53
Q

Observational learning

A

Learning by observing others

54
Q

Modeling

A

The process of observing & imitating a specific behavior

55
Q

Mirror neurons

A

Frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe firewhen performing certain scathing or when observing another doing so
Enable imitation & empathy

56
Q

Pro social behavior

A

Positive , constructive , helpfully behavior

57
Q

Who is associated w observational learning ?

A

Albert Bandura

58
Q

Bandura famous bobo doll experiment is most closely associated with

A

Observational learning

59
Q

Which is processes the best term for explain How we learn language

A

Modeling

60
Q

Five major conditioning processes

A 
Acquisition 
Generalization 
Discrimination 
Extinction 
Spontaneous recovery
61
Q

Negative reinforcement …

A

Increases likelihood of behavior !

62
Q

Secondary reinforcement

A

Acquired positive value through experience

63
Q

Time

A

Fixed interval

Variable interval

64
Q

Number of things

A

Fixed ratio

Variable ratio

65
Q

Punishment do not teach what ?

A

Proper behavior

66
Q

Discriminative stimulus

A

Stimulus that Gains it reinforcing power after association w reinforcement

67
Q

Responses are both learned & extinguish fastest when they are learned through which types of reinforcement schedule ?

A

Continuous

AP Psych (17 decks)

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