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AP Psych > Module 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 > Flashcards

Module 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

The process by which our sensory receptors & nervous system receive & represent stimulus energies from our environment

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2
Q

Perception

A

The process of organizing & interpreting sensory info , enabling us to recognize meaning ful objects & events

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3
Q

Bottom up processing

A

Info processing that focuses on the raw material entering through the eyes , ears , & organs

Sensation

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4
Q

Top down processing

A

Info processing that focuses on expectations & experiences in interpreting incoming sensory info

Perception

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5
Q

Selective attention

A

The focusing of conscious awareness on particular stimulus

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6
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

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7
Q

Change blindness

A

Failing to notice changes in the environment

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8
Q

Transduction

A

Converting of a stimulus to neuron impulse

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9
Q

Absolute threshold

A

The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time
You either sense it or don’t

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10
Q

Subliminal

A

Below ones absolute threshold for conscious awareness

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11
Q

Priming

A

The activation , of certain associations this predisposing one perception , memory , or response

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12
Q

Difference threshold

A

The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection for fifty percent of the time . We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference

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13
Q

Webers law

A

The principles that to be perceived as different , two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage
( large difference , more senses )

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14
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

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15
Q

What occurs when experiences influence our interpretation of data ?

A

Top down processing

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16
Q

What principles states that to be perceived as different , two stimuli must differ by a minimum percentage rather than a constant amount ?

A

Webers law

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17
Q

What do we call the conversion of stimulus energies like sight & sound into neural impulses ?

A

Transduction

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18
Q

Natalia’s adjustment until she feels a difference is

A

Difference threshold

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19
Q

Tyshane body became accustomed to the water due to

A

Sensory adaption

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20
Q

Perceptual set

A

The tendency to perceive a person or situation in a certain way due to experiences

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21
Q

Extrasensory perception

A

The controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input includes telepathy , clairvoyance , & precognition

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22
Q

Parapsychology

A

The study of paranormal phenomena including ESP & psychokinsis

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23
Q

What do we call a mental predisposition that influences our interpretation of a stimulus ?

A

Perceptual set

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24
Q

Which is produced by perceptual set

A

Surprise at hearing an Oklahoma cowboy speak w British accent

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25
Q

Wavelength

A

The distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next
Wavelengths vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission

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26
Q

Hue

A

The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light
Color

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27
Q

Intensity

A

The amount of energy in a light or sound wave which we perceive as brightness
Determine by amplitude

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28
Q

Pupil

A

Hole in the eye that light enters

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29
Q

Iris

A

A ring or muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil & controls the size

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30
Q

Lens

A

The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on retina

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31
Q

Retina

A

Where rods are located to see in very low light & detect movement
ONLY SEE WHITE & BLACK

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32
Q

Accommodation

A

The process by which the eye lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina

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33
Q

Rods

A

Retinal receptors that detect black white & ray

Necessary for peripheral & twilight visions when cones don’t respond

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34
Q

Cones

A

See in color & clarity

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35
Q

Optic nerve

A

The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

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36
Q

Blind spot

A

No rods & no cones

Can’t see

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37
Q

Fovea

A

Clearest vision

Just cones

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38
Q

Feature detectors

A

Nerve cells in the brain that respond to the specific feauture of the stimulus
Shape angle & movement

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39
Q

Parallel processing

A

processing aspects of a problem

The brain’s natural mode of info processing for many functions like vision

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40
Q

Young helm jolts trichromatic theory

A

Cones are sensitive to red , green , & blue

All colors come in a comb of three

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41
Q

Opponent process theory

A

Sensory receptors in the retina come in pairs

AFTER IMAGES

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42
Q

What do the color theories show

A

That color processing occurs in two stages

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43
Q

Which of the following explains reserved color after images

A

Hearing opponent process theory

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44
Q

Which fits the physical properties of the color light waves

A

Large wave length , large amplitude

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45
Q

What do we call the transparent , protective layer that light passes through as it enter the eye

A

Cornea

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46
Q

Gestalt psychologists

A

Emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of info into meaningful wholes

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47
Q

Figure ground

A

Organizing visual fields into objects that stand out from our surroundings

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48
Q

Grouping

A

to organize stimulis into coherent groups

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49
Q

Depth perception

A

The ability to see objects in 3D although the images that strike the retina are 2D
Allows to juste distance

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50
Q

Visual cliff

A

A laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants & young animals

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51
Q

Phi phenomenon

A

A movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on & off quickly

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52
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

Size
Shape
brightness

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53
Q

Color constancy

A

Seeing familiar objects as having consistent color

even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object

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54
Q

After thirty mins the student was able to smoothly avoid obstacles illustrating the concept of

A

Perceptual adaption

55
Q

What do we call the illusion of movement that results from two or more stationary , adjacent lights blinking on & off in quick session

A

Phi phenomenon

56
Q

Bryanna & Charles are in a dancing competition . It is easy for spectators to see them against the dance or bc

A

Figure ground relationships

57
Q

Bringing order & form to stimuli , which illustrates how the whole differs from the sun of its parts is called

A

Grouping

58
Q

Audition

A

The sense or act of hearing

59
Q

Frequency

A

The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

60
Q

Pitch

A

A tone experienced highness of lowness depends on frequency

61
Q

Middle ear

A

The chamber between the eardrum & cochlea containing three tiny bones that concentrate the vibration of the eardrum on the cochlea oval window

62
Q

Cochlea

A

A coiled bony fluid filled tube in the inner ear , sound waves trigger nerve impulses

63
Q

Inner ear

A

The innermost part of the ear containing the cochlea , semicircular Canals , & vestibular sacs

64
Q

Frequency theory

A

Different frequency of the sound wave vibrates the inner ear at different places in cochlea

65
Q

What type of hearing loss is due to The to the mechanism that transmits sound waves to the cochlea

A

Conduction

66
Q

Pitch depends on what

A

Number of sound waves that reach the ear in a given time

67
Q

Which reflections the notion that pitch is related to the number of impulses traveling up the auditory nerve in a unit of time

A

Frequency theory

68
Q

The three small bones of the ear are located in

A

The middle ear

69
Q

Gate control

A

The theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological gate that blocks pain signal or allowed them to pass on to the brain
The gate opens to activity or pain signals or info from the brain

70
Q

Kinesthesia

A

The system for sensing the position & movement of individual body parts

71
Q

Vestibular sense

A

The sense of body movements & position including the sense of balance

72
Q

Sensory interaction

A

The principle that one sense may influence another as when the smell of food influences Taste

73
Q

Embodied cognition

A

In psychological science , the influence of bodily sensations , gestures , & other states on cognitive preferences & judgements

74
Q

Sensing the position & movement of individual body parts is

A

Kinesthetic

75
Q

Which of the following is kinesthesia

A

Awareness of the position of you arms when swimming the backestroke

76
Q

Which is sensory interaction

A

Finding that food tastes bland when you have a bad cold

77
Q

Which is associated w hairlike receptors in the semi circular canals

A

Body position

78
Q

How do we sense touch

A

Pressure
Warmth
Cold
Pain

79
Q

Taste & smell are

A

Chemical senses

80
Q

Types of taste

A 
Sweet 
Sour 
Salty 
Bitter 
Unmani
81
Q

Receptor cells

A

The five senses are coded to only take in one type of stimulus

82
Q

Signal detection

A

One testable way to determine the thresholds for various people

83
Q

Color deficient vision

A

People who lack one of the three zones

84
Q

Nearsighted

A

Myopia

85
Q

Farsighted

A

Hyperopia

86
Q

Features of sound

A

Pitch
Hertz
Decibels

87
Q

Localization of sound

A

Locating where sound comes from

88
Q

Conduction deafness

A

Middle ear damage : cochlea implants

Nerve deafness: hair cell or auditory nerve damage

89
Q

Oval window

A

Receives sound from ossicles

As it vibrates , the fluid in cochlea vibrates

90
Q

Ossicles ampities the vibration of

A

The ear drum

91
Q

What do hearing aids help

A

Ossicles

92
Q

Hair cells

A

The receptor cells for hearing in the cochlea that change sound vibrations into neural impulses

93
Q

Auditory nerve

A

Carries sound info from the ears to the temporal lobes

94
Q

Eustachian tube

A

Tube that connects the middle ear to the back of the nose ; equalized the pressure bwt the middle ear & air

95
Q

Semicircular canals

A

Organs in the inner ear used in sending body orientation & balance

96
Q

Hertz

A

A measure of the number of sound wave peaks per second
Measures frequency
Determined the pitch of the sound

97
Q

Papilla

A

Little bumps on tongue

Adults have 7500 taste buds

98
Q

Where are olfactory cells ?

A

In the upper nasal to detect molecules in the air

99
Q

Praegnanz

A

Brain favors the simplest solution

100
Q

Constancy

A

Things don’t change even though you think so

Size , shape , & color all stay the same

101
Q

Visual capture

A

Tendency for vision to dominate the other senses

102
Q

Proximity

A

Brain likes to group near by figures together

103
Q

Similarity

A

Objects that are similar in appearance are more likely to be perceived in the same group

104
Q

Continuity

A

The tendency to perceive continuous patterns

105
Q

Closure

A

The tendency to over look incompleteness & complete objects

106
Q

Monocular cues

A

Depth cues that do not depend on having two eyes working in conjunction tg

107
Q

Place theory

A

How sound is received and perceived by the human ear

108
Q

Binocular cues

A

Convergence
Neuromuscular cue
Two eyes move onward for near objects

109
Q

Binocular disparity

A

Images from the two eyes differ

Closer the object , larger the disparity

110
Q

Motion

A

Eye muscle activity
Changing retinal image
Contrast of the living object & its stationary background

111
Q

Stroboscopic motion

A

Timed flashing lights or moving pictures that give the allusion of movement

112
Q

Perceptual illusions

A

Automatic perception processes guide us to the wrong conclusions

113
Q

Relative size

A

Smaller image is more distant

114
Q

Texture gradient

A

Coarse , close fine , distant

115
Q

Inter position

A

A closer object blocks a more distant object

116
Q

Relative clarity

A

Hazy object seen as more distant
Lighted objects seem closer
Darker objects seem far away

117
Q

Shadowing

A

Notice the perception of depth changes when shading is reversed

118
Q

Relative height

A

Objects higher in our field of vision are perceived as farther away

119
Q

Linear perspective

A

Parallel lines converge within distance

120
Q

Motion parallel

A

Closer objects seem to move faster

121
Q

Where does transduction take place

A

Receptor cells

122
Q

Hit

A

Signal is present & also sensed

123
Q

Miss

A

Signal is present but not sensed

124
Q

False alarm

A

No signal , but we sensed it

125
Q

Rejection

A

No signal , no sense

126
Q

The view from narmeen left eye is slightly different from the view from her right eye … this is use to which

A

Retinal disparity

127
Q

Shape constancy

A

Objects viewed from different angles will produce different shapes on our retina

128
Q

Which will most likely to influence our memory of a painful event

A

The intensity of pin at the end of the event

129
Q

Volley principle

A

Neural cells can alternate firing

Rapid successions

130
Q

Which perception process are the hammer anvil & stirrup involved in

A

Transmitting sound waves to the cochlea

131
Q

When we go to the movies , we see smooth continuous motion rather than a series of still images because of

A

Stroboscopic movement

132
Q

Tim is reading an important letter when he accidentally Spaniard water on the paper
The water has smudged a few words , but he can still understand what the letter says

A

Top down processing

133
Q

When viewed from the window of a moving train , nearby objects seem to pass by more quickly than more distant objects ?

A

Motion parallax

AP Psych (17 decks)

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