Chapter 2 Flashcards
Variable
any object, or event that is the focus of a scientific explanation (what is measured)
Objectivity
assumes that certain facts about the world can be observed and tested independently from the individual who describes them.
Subjective
knowledge of the event shaped prior beliefs, expectations, experiences and even their mood.
Five Characteristics of quality scientific research
- it is based on measurements that are objective, valid, and reliable.
- it can be generalized
- it uses techniques that reduce bias
- it is made public.
- it can be replicated
Objective measurement
the measure of an behavior that within an allowed margin of error, is consistent across instruments and observers.
Operational definitions
are statements that describe the procedures and specific measures that are used to record observations.
Validity
degree to which an instrument or procedure actually measures what it claims to measure
Reliability
when it provides consistent answers across multiple observations and points in time.
Test-retest reliability
examines whether scores on a given measure of behavior are consistent across sessions
Alternate forms reliability
examines whether different forms of the same test produce the same results
-overcomes practice effects
Inter rater reliability
the degree of similarity in observation recorded by two or more raters.
Generalizability
refers to the degree to which one set of results can be applied to other situations, individuals or events.
Population
the group that researchers want to generalize about
sample
a elect group of population members
random sample
a sampling technique in which every individual of a population has an equal chance of being included.
convenience sample
sample of individuals who are the most readily available
ecological validity
(high is good) the results of the lab study can be applied to or repeated in the natural environment.
researcher bias
the experimenter’s behavior influencing the participant’s response
subject or participant biases
participant trying to figure out what they are testing or predicting the results they are looking for.
hawthorne effect
behavior change that occurs as a result of being observed
social desireability
participants may respond in ways that increase the chances that they will be viewed as favorably by the experimenter or the other participants.