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Psychology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

the process of detecting external events with sense organs and turning those stimuli into neural signs.

sound of a voice is where air particles push against the ear drum
seeing is the light waves stimulating receptors of the eye.

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2
Q

perception

A

involves attending to, organizing, and interpreting stimuli that we sense.

organizing different vibrations of the eardrum in a way that allows you to recognize them as a human voice.

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3
Q

Transduction

A

when specialized receptors transform the physical energy of the outside world into neural impulses.

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4
Q

doctorine of specific nerve energies

A

proposed by Johannes Muller, the idea that the 5 different senses are interpreted in different parts of the brain.
Different sensory organs send signals to different parts of the brain.

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5
Q

orienting response

A

describes how we quickly shift our attention to stimuli that signal change in our sensory world.

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6
Q

sensory adaptation

A

the reduction of activity in sensory receptors with repeated exposure to a stimulus.

Getting used to traffic sounds after 5 mins.

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7
Q

psychophysics

A

the field of study that explores how physical energy such as light and sound and their intensity relate to psychological processes.

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8
Q

absolute threshold

A

the minimum amount of energy or quantity of a stimulus required for it to be reliably detected atleast 50% of the time it is presented.

This varies between people, and throughout our lifespan.

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9
Q

difference threshold

A

us the smallest different between stimuli that can be reliably detected 50% of the time

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10
Q

just noticeable difference

A

being able to actually detect a difference

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11
Q

weber’s law

A

ernst weber, the just noticeable difference between two stimuli changes as a proportion of those stimuli.

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12
Q

signal detection theory

A

states that whether a stimulus is perceived depends on both the sensory experience and the judgement made by the subject

goes through a sensory process then decision process

4 possible outcomes

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13
Q

4 outcomes

A

hit - stim, see
miss - stim, not
false alarm - no stim, see
correct rejection - no stim, not

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14
Q

priming

A

previous exposure to a stimulus can influence that individual’s later responses
we can activate already existing motivational state but not create a new one.

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15
Q

Figure ground principle

A

objects in our environment stand out against a background

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16
Q

Proximity

A

treating two or more subjects that are in close proximity to each other is considered as a group

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17
Q

similarity

A

tend to group things together with visual similarity

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18
Q

continuity

A

perceptual rule that lines and other objects tend to be continuous rather than considered as a group

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19
Q

closure

A

tendency to fill in gaps to complete a whole object

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20
Q

top-down processing

A

when out perceptions are influenced by our expectations or by our prior knowledge

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21
Q

bottom-up processing

A

occurs when we perceive indiv. bits of sensory info (eg. sounds) and use them to construct a more complex perception (a message)

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22
Q

divided attention

A

paying attention to more than one stimulus or task at the same time

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23
Q

selective attention

A

focusing on one task/event

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24
Q

inattentional blindness

A

a failure to notice clearly visible events or objects because attention is directed elsewhere.

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25
Q

long wavelengths
short
medium

A

redish colors
bluish colors
green and yellow

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26
Q

amplitude

A

height of wave, intensity

low amp=dim high amp=bright

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27
Q

saturation

A

purity or solidity of color
low saturation –> faint –> many wavelengths
high sat –> solid –> 1 wavelength

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28
Q

sclera

A

white outer surface

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29
Q

cornea

A

clear layer that covers the front of the eye and also contributes to the eye’s ability to focus, protects the eye, it is where light enters.

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30
Q

pupil

A

regulates how much light enters by dilating or shrinking

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31
Q

iris

A

round muscle that adjust the size of the pupil, responsible for eye color

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32
Q

lens

A

behind pupil, clear structure that focuses light to the back of the eye.

changes shape to bend light to hit the retina.

spherical shape –> close object
flat –> far objects

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33
Q

transduction of vision

A

when light reaches the back of the eye, it stimulates receptors and convert light into a message that the brain can interpret.

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34
Q

retina

A

lines the inner surface of the back of the eye and consists of specialized receptors that absorb light and send signal related to the properties of light to the brain to convert to neural signals.

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35
Q

photoreceptors

A

found in retina, where light is converted to neural signals

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36
Q

ganglion cells

A

info from the photoreceptor goes here at the front of the retina and relays it to the brain via the optic nerve

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37
Q

optic nerve

A

dense bundle of fibres that connect to the brain

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38
Q

blindspot

A

spot on the retina that does not have photoreceptors

39
Q

rods

A

photoreceptors that occupy peripheral regions of the retina and highly sensitive under low light levels. outer region of the retina.

responsive to black and grey

40
Q

cones

A

photoreceptors that are sensitive to the different wavelengths of light that we perceive as color. clustered around the fovea: central part of the retina.

41
Q

Proportion of cones and rods to ganglion cells

A

1 cone : 1 ganglion
10 rods : 1 ganglion –> there is competition of the rods to show an image. why grey and black images are hazy. and why colors are sharp.

42
Q

dark adaptation

A

the process by which rods and cones become increasingly sensitive to light under low levels of illumination

cones regenerate faster, rods are more sensitive

43
Q

trichromatic theory

A

color vision is determined by 3 different cone types that are sensitive. Short, medium and long wavelengths –> blue green and red.

44
Q

negative afterimage

A

a different color from the one actually viewed

45
Q

opponent process theory

A

perceiving colors in opposing pairs
red to green, yellow to blue, white to black

when staring at red, green receptors are inhibited and once you look away the red receptors are inhibited and tired and the green ones are able to fire

46
Q

color blindness

A

affects ability to distinguish between red and green

green cones will have receptors for seeing red.

47
Q

near sightedness (myopia)

A

eye is elongated (too long), image from cornea and lens fall short to meet the retina

48
Q

farsightedness (hyperopia)

A

image is focused past the retina

49
Q

optic chiasm

A

where optic nerves cross at the midline, left visual field processed by right hemisphere and vise versa.

50
Q

internal geniculate nucleus (LGN)

A

in thalamus, processes visual info, send messages to visual cortex in occipital lobe.

51
Q

feature detection cells

A

respond selectively to simple and specific aspects of a stimulus, such as angles and edges.

52
Q

ventral stream

A

extends from the visual cortex to the lower part of the temporal lobe.

object recognition, “what pathway”

53
Q

dorsal stream

A

extends from the visual cortex to the parietal lobe

less initiative that ventral, “where pathway”, involved with visually guided movement.

54
Q

perceptual consistency

A

the ability to perceive objects as having a constant shape, size, and color despite changes in perspective

55
Q

shape consistency

A

judge the angle of an object relative to our position

56
Q

size consistency

A

how close an object is relative to one’s position or the position of other objects

57
Q

color consistency

A

recognize color under varying levels of illumination.

58
Q

binocular depth cues

A

are distance cues based on the differing perspectives of both eyes

convergence, retinal disparity, stereoscopic vision

59
Q

convergence

A

eye muscles contract so that both eyes focus on a single object

60
Q

retinal disparity

A

the difference in relative position of an object as seen by both eyes (how far away)

61
Q

stereoscopic vision

A

overlapping visual fields (3D)

62
Q

monocular cues

A

depth cues that we can perceive with only one eye

accommodation and motion parallax

63
Q

accommodation

A

lens of eye curves to allow focus of close/far objects

64
Q

motion parallax

A

used when you or surroundings are in motion

65
Q

sound waves

A

changes in mechanical pressure transmitted through solids, liquids, and gasses.

66
Q

freqeuncy

A

Hz, the number of cycles a sound wave travels per second

we can only hear 20 hz to 20 000 hz

67
Q

pitch

A

the perceptual experience of sound wave frequencies

68
Q

amplitude

A

loudness, db,

69
Q

pinna (outer)

A

the outer region that channels sound to the ear and allows you to determine the location of a sound

70
Q

auditory canal (outer)

A

extends from pinna to eardrum

71
Q

ossicles (middle)

A

malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup). attached to eardrum also vibrates

72
Q

cochlea (inner)

A

a fluid filled membrane that is coiled in a snail like shape and contains the structures that convert sound into neural impulses. attached to ossicles.

basilar membrane: where hair like projections are found to convert the sound to neural impulses.
the hairs move which displace the fluid inside.

auditory nerves containing neurons fire as a result

sent to the thalamus, then auditory complex in the temporal lobes

73
Q

sound localization

A

the process of identifying where sound comes from

time and intensity.

74
Q

place theory of hearing

A

how we perceive pitch is based on the location along the basilar membrane that sound stimulates.

75
Q

frequency theory

A

the perception of pitch is related to the frequency at which the basilar membrane vibrates. tapping of stapes, hairs vibrate the same as sound waves.

76
Q

Neurons can only fire 1000x per sec Solution?

A

volley principle

77
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

is a major perceptual center of the brain involved in perceiving what we hear.

78
Q

secondary aud cortex

A

further processing, helps us interpret complex sounds including those found in speech and music.

79
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

in the parietal lobes, neural region associated with your sense of touch.

more sensitive to touch, the more space it takes up.

80
Q

haptics

A

active, exploratory aspect of touch sensation and perception to learn their properties

81
Q

kinesthesis

A

the sense of bodily motion and position. a sense of our body parts in space

to avoid dropping an apple

82
Q

nociception

A

activity of nerve pathways that respond to uncomfortable stimulation

83
Q

nociceptors

A

receptors that initiate pain messages to the CNS

84
Q

fast fibres

A

register sharp and immediate pain.

scraped or cut

85
Q

slow fibres

A

registers chronic dull pain. Lingering feeling of bumping your knee

86
Q

gate control theory

A

explains our experience of pain as an interaction between nerves that transmit pain messages and those that inhibit them. (falling in a soccer game, you feel nothing due to adrenaline, focus is elsewhere)

87
Q

phantom limb pain

A

pain and sensations from limb no longer there

treated with mirror box treatment: uses a reflection of the opposite limb

88
Q

gustatory system

A

functions in the sensation and perception of taste.

89
Q

primary tastes

A

sour, sweet, bitter, salty, umami

9000 tastebuds on tongue and another 1000 around mouth, called papillae that are connected to dendrites that signal that dissolved molecule are on the tongue. receptors replenish every 10 days

90
Q

primary gusta. cortex

A

found in frontal lobes to identify familiar tastes

91
Q

secondary gusta. cortex

A

pleasurable experiences associated with food

92
Q

olfactory system

A

involved with smell, the detection of airborne particles with specialized receptors located in the nose (nasal cavity)

DOES NOT INVOLVE THALAMUS

93
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

a thin layer of cells that are lined by sensory receptors called cilia which bind to molecules

1000 types of receptors and can identify 10 000 different smells

94
Q

olfactory bulb

A

brain’s central region for processing smells. Different combos of cilia are stimulated in response to different odors. Used to identify smells and experience (+ or -)

Psychology (14 decks)

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