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Sociology > Research Material 1-4 > Flashcards

Research Material 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

Scientific method

A

an organized series of steps that ensure maximum objectivity and consistency

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2
Q

hypothesis

A

a statement about the expected relationship between or among observable measures of concepts

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3
Q

a hypothesis is NOT

A

a guess or a hunch- it is based on review of other studies

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4
Q

a hypothesis compares

A

2 or more factors called variables

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5
Q

variables

A

measurable trait or characteristic that is subject to change under different conditions (age, gender)

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6
Q

a variable must

A

change, vary, can take more than one value

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7
Q

independent variables

A

associated with causes. (causes predicts another variable)

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8
Q

dependent variables

A

associated with consequences. (its action depends on the influence of the independent variable)

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9
Q

validity

A

the degree to which a measure truly reflects the phenomenon under study

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10
Q

reliability

A

the extent to which a measure provides consistent results

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11
Q

quantitative research

A

“quantity” something you can count numerically to measure (using scientific method and statistics)

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12
Q

qualitative research

A

“quality” uses “thick description” in order to understand the insiders view of other human beings (using interview narrative)

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13
Q

mean

A

average score

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14
Q

median

A

middle score (helpful when data is skewed)

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15
Q

mode

A

most frequently appearing score

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16
Q

statistics show us

A

the probability that this occurred by random chance; weather or not results are meaningful

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17
Q

research process

A

theory construction, theory testing, and theory testing principles

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18
Q

theory construction

A

wonder, conceptualize, and theorize

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19
Q

wonder

A

become curious about something

20
Q

conceptualize

A

isolate and define key elements

21
Q

theorize

A

state why and how concepts are related

22
Q

theory testing

A

operationalize, hypothesize, observe, analyze, and assess

23
Q

operationalize

A

select valid indicators of concepts

24
Q

hypothesize

A

deduce observable predictions

25
Q

observe

A

obtain evidence pertinent to the predictions

26
Q

analyze

A

systematically compare evidence with predictions

27
Q

assess

A

reject or adjust theory if predictions fail

28
Q

correlation and causality

A

just because tow things “move together” does not mean that one caused the other Ex: ice cream causes drownings

29
Q

3 criteria for establishing causality

A

time order, correlation, and non-spuriousness

30
Q

time order

A

causes must predict effects

31
Q

correlation

A

causes and effects must be associated; they must vary in unison

32
Q

correlations can be

A

weak or strong

33
Q

correlations may be

A

positive (same direction variation) or negative (different direction variation)

34
Q

non-spuriousness

A

the relationship between variables must not exist solely because each is correlated with some third variable

35
Q

spurious

A

a false correlation between proposed cause and its effect

36
Q

contextual effects

A

when a relationship between variables is conditional upon the social context- you set different results in different social surroundings

37
Q

ethics in research

A

when dealing with human subjects, stems must be taken to “do no harm”- physically or psychology

38
Q

Informed consent

A

what human subjects must be told

39
Q

Must be told (1)

A

purpose of research

40
Q

Must be told (2)

A

how to contact researcher

41
Q

Must be told (3)

A

how the info will be used

42
Q

Must be told (4)

A

how their privacy will be protected

43
Q

Must be told (5)

A

potential benefits or harm/side effects

44
Q

Must be told (6)

A

they may withdraw at any time without penalty

45
Q

if deception is involved

A

they may withdraw at any time without penalty - is especially important

Sociology (18 decks)

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