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MET 2 > Diet and CHD > Flashcards

Diet and CHD Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of atherosclerosis

A

Focal chronic inflammatory disease of large and medium arteries which is induced by lipid products and characterised by intimal thickening and lipid deposition

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2
Q

How does diabetes change the risk of cardiovascular disease

A

triples risk

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3
Q

What does ‘the metabolic syndrome’ consist of

A

Syndrome including an increased risk of cardiovascular disease consisting of:

  • Insulin resistance
  • Abdominal obesity
  • Dyslipidaemia
  • Hypertension
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4
Q

What transporter transports excess fatty acids from blood lipids?

A

CD36

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5
Q

Where in the cell are fatty acids usually metabolised

A

In the mitochondria

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6
Q

What happens to saturated fatty acids in the cell?

A

Metabolised into toxic products like ceramide

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7
Q

What is the effect of the products of saturated fatty acids in the cell

A

Blocks the insulin receptor (eg excess fats can induce insulin resistance)

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8
Q

What is more important to regulate: total calorie intake or saturated fat intake

A

Total calorie intake

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9
Q

What are saturated fatty acids

A

Fatty acids with no double bonds between the carbon atoms of fatty acids chain

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10
Q

How many C=C double bonds to essential fatty acids contain

A

At least 2

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11
Q

Why is arachidonic acid know n as C20:4(n-6)

A

20 carbons
4 double bonds
6= number of carbons the double bond is away from end of chain

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12
Q

What is arachidonic acid incorporated into

A

Membrane phospholipids

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13
Q

What happens during inflammation in terms of w6 arachidonic acid

A
  • w6 is released from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2 enzyme
  • Potent inflammatory mediators such as prostaglainds, leukotrienes are synthesised from it
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14
Q

What are omega-3 fatty acids metabolised into

A

Anti-inflammatory eicosanoids

Omega-3 FA are anti-inflamamtory and anti-atherogenic

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15
Q

How do aspirin and statins act on w3 and w6 FA

A

Enhance anti-inflammatory mediators from them

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16
Q

Is melting temp higher or lower in trans saturated fat? Why?

A

Higher because the trans configuration results in much more stable chains that are difficult to break or transport

17
Q

How are trans saturated fats produced in the food industry

A

Hydrogenation of poly unsaturated fatty acids (breaking of double bonds)

18
Q

Is regulating dietary cholesterol important in reducing risk of cardiovascular disease

A

Little important

19
Q

What are flavonoids

A

Pigmented polyphenol plant compounds involved in photosynthesis and protection from UV light

20
Q

Where are flavonoids found

A

Fruit, vegetables, chocolate, wine, olive oil

21
Q

Do flavonoids have a beneficial or non beneficial effect on MI and strokes

A

beneficial

22
Q

How do flavonoids act in the body

A

Inhibit multiple enzymes including NADPH oxidation that generates damaging reactive oxygen intermediates

23
Q

Does a mediterranean diet have a minor or major effect in terms of preventing cardiovascular disease

A

Major

24
Q

What is the effect of b12 or b9 in terms of CHD

A

Can cause low methionine and high blood homocysteine

Homocysteine is spontaneously converted to thiolactone which damages endothelial cells

25
Q

What features of atheroscleorosis can be seen in cross section of coronary artery

A

Massive deposits of cholesterol in thickened artery wall

26
Q

What are the health implications of a diet with high total fat and high saturated fat intake

A

Obesity
High hepatic cholesterol synthesis
Hypercholesterolaemia
High LDL

27
Q

What are the health implication of a diet with high refined carbohydrate

A

Obesity
Metabolic syndrome
T2D

28
Q

What are the health implications of a diet with high salt intake

A

Hypertension

29
Q

What are the health implications of a diet with low folate/ b6/ b12

A

Homocysteinaemia

30
Q

What are the health implication of a lifestyle with low levels of physical activity

A

Low HDL

Low NO in arterial wall

31
Q

What dietary/ lifestyles factors contribute to hypertension

A
  • Obesity
  • Excess sodium
  • High alcohol intake
  • Smoking >15 a day
32
Q

What dietary/ lifestyle factors can protect from hypertension

A
  • Potassium

- Smoking <15 a day

MET 2 (32 decks)

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