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MET 2 > Counter regulatory hormones > Flashcards

Counter regulatory hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Briefly state how metabolism works during fasting

A
  • Inhibition of insulin secretion
  • Low glucose levels
  • No glycogen or triglyceride synthesis
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2
Q

Which hormones promotes the processes usually supressed by insulin in starvation

A

Glucagon

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3
Q

Briefly describe the graphical relationship between glucagon and insulin

A

If glucose and insulin go up, glucagon goes down and vice versaq

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4
Q

Which cells secrete glucagon

A

Alpha cells

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5
Q

Describe the structure of glucagon hormone

A

Peptide hormone made up of only 1 cchain

29 amino acids

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6
Q

When is glucagon secreted

A

When blood glucose levels are low

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7
Q

How is glucagon stored

A

In granules

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8
Q

Name 3 things that stimulate glucagon secretion

A

Low blood glucose
Increased blood amino acid
Exercise

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9
Q

What are normal fasting levels of glucose

A

80-90mg/ 100ml

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10
Q

Which blood amino acids particularly regulate glucagon secretion

A

Alanine and arginine

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11
Q

What type of receptor in the glucagon receptor

A

G protein coupled receptor

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12
Q

What is the first thing that happens when glucagon binds to the glucagon receptor

A
  • G protein splits off

- Starts the cascade

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13
Q

What is the end point of the cascade in glucagon receptor signalling pathway

A

Production of cAMP which activates protein kinase A
Protein kinase A activates signal
Increases breakdown of glycogen to stop glycogen synthesis

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14
Q

What is the effect of PKA on the liver

A

Stimulates liver to make glucose via gluconeogenesis

Stops glycolysis

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15
Q

Does glucagon increase or decrease glycogenolysis

A

Increases

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16
Q

How long does it take for glycogen stores to be broken down

A

24 hours

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17
Q

What molecules can the liver use for gluconeogenesis

A

Carbon based subtrates (amino acids, glycerol)

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18
Q

How is gluconeogenesis not inhibited during fasting

A

Combination of reduced insulin and increased glucagon

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19
Q

What is the effect of glucagon in the liver

A

Increased gluconeogenesis and inhibits glycolysis

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20
Q

How does glucagon increase gluconeogenesis and inhibit glycolysis in the liver

A
  • Inhibition of PFK-1 through modulation of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate levels
  • Inhibition of pyruvate kinase
21
Q

What mediates the action of glucagon in the liver

A

Protein kinase A

22
Q

Does glucagon increase or decrease the uptake of amino acids into the liver

A

Increase

23
Q

What inhibits/ activates hormone sensitive lipase

A

Inhibited by insulin

Acitvated by glucagon/ PKA

24
Q

What does hormone sensitive lipase do

A

Initiate lipolysis

25
Q

How can fatty acids be used to generate ATP

A

Enters the krebs cycle

26
Q

What mediates the fatty acids shuttle system

A

Cpt-1

27
Q

Does insulin supress or promote the action of Cpt-1? What about glucagon?

A

Insulin- suppresses

Glucagon- promotes

28
Q

What is the effect of glucagons inhibition of cpt-1

A
  • Allows breakdown of triglycerides to be broken down because activates hormone sensitive lipase needed to break it down
  • Also allows passage across mitochondria membrane
29
Q

Overall, what hormones suppress and promotes fatty acid oxidation

A

Glucagon- promotes

Insulin- suppresses

30
Q

What is acetyl- CoA converted to in prolonged fasting

A

Ketone bodies

31
Q

Name 2 hormones that inhibits glucagon secretion

A

Insulin

Somantostatin

32
Q

How is cAMP used to regulate glucagon secretion

A

Insulin converts cAMP to AMP which can’t signal anymore so there is no glucagon action

33
Q

Is it catecholamines or glucocorticoids that have a long term effect

A

Glucocorticoids

34
Q

What is the effect of catecholamines

A

Stimulates glycogen breakdown from the liver1q

35
Q

When are catecholamines released

A

Response to stress of hypoglycaemia

36
Q

What are monoamines of catecholamine synthesised from

A

Phenylalanine

Tyrosine

37
Q

State the metabolic action of epineprhine

A

Inhibits insulin secretion
Stimulates glycogenolysis in liver and muscle
Stimulates glucagon secretion
Increases lipolysis

38
Q

Consequence of epinephrine release in terms of blood levels

A

Increased blood glucose and fatty acids levels

39
Q

What kind of hormones are glucocorticoids

A

Steroid

40
Q

How are adrenal cortex cells adapted for steroid hormone production

A

Many LDL receptors enabliing cholesterol uptake for steroid hormones synthesis

41
Q

What is cortisol released in response to

A

ACTH

42
Q

State the metabolic actions of cortisol

A
  • Enhances gluconeogenesis
  • Inhibits glucose uptake
  • Stimulates muscle proteolysis
  • Stimulates adipose tissue lipolysis
43
Q

Why does cortisol produce long term responses

A

Because is hydrophobic so can pass through the cell membrane

Binds to nuclear receptor

44
Q

What happens if levels of cortisol are high for a long time

A

induce proteolysis and muscle wasting

45
Q

Does growth hormone act more like insulin or glucagon

A

Glucagon

46
Q

Are cortisol and epinephrine secreted in hypo or hyper glycaemia

A

Hypo

47
Q

Where are incretins found in the body

A

Gastro-intestinal hormones

48
Q

Where is GLP-1 secreted

A

From the L cell

49
Q

4 actions of GLP-1

A

Inhibits glucagon secretion and hepatic glucose production
Augments glucose induced insulin secretion
Slow gastric emptying
Promotes satiety

MET 2 (32 decks)

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