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S&D1 > Block 1a-start here > Flashcards

Block 1a-start here Flashcards

1
Q

What is molarity of 0.9% NaCl solution?

What is the osmolarity?

A

154 mmol/L

308 mOsm/L

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2
Q

What is the osmotic pressure of NaCl? in mmHg

A

19.3 mmHg

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3
Q

What is not related to the size, molecular weight, and chemical composition?

A

Osmotic Pressure

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4
Q

Osmotic Pressure is related to the number of what?

A

particles dissolved in the chemicals consitution

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5
Q

Sigma 0 means:

Sigma 1 means:

With respect to osmosis

A

0 is no water movement

1 is no water movement

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6
Q

Concentration is what divided by what?

A

Mass/volume

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7
Q

Whole blood volume = plasma volume / (1- what)

A

What is hematocrit

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8
Q

What do babies not have that adults do have that spits back foreign material?

A

P-glycoprotein

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9
Q

Eplipesy meds can cause what other cross reaction with medications?

A

oral contraceptives

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10
Q

Chloramphenicol is inhibited by what drug?

A

Phenytoin

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11
Q

What does grapefruit juice, chili pepper, liquorice, olive oil, garlic, and red wine inhibit?

A

CYP3A4

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12
Q

What induces CYP?

A

St. John’s Wort, an anti-depressant herbal medication

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13
Q

What is modulated with St. John’s Wort, grapefruit, and green tea?

A

P-glycoprotein

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14
Q

What is the CYP3A4 modified by via patients?

A

ethnic differences, diet

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15
Q

What does the alkalisation of urine increase the excretion of?

A

weakly acidic ligands

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16
Q

What does the acidificaiton of urine cause the excretion of?

A

weak basic ligands

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17
Q

What does Gs produce?

A

increase cAMP and PKA

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18
Q

Gq makes phosolipase C and what else?

A

IP3 which makes Calcium and DAG which makes PKC

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19
Q

Another name for competitive and non-competitive terms are what?

A

reversible and non-reversible

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20
Q

Allosteric binds what and changes what?

A

the non binding site changes the binding site

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21
Q

Potentiation decreases the what?

Antagonism increases the what?

A

potency

potency

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22
Q

any response to a drug that is noxious and unintended and that occurs at any dose in man for the prophylaxis, diagnosis or therapy of disease or for modification of physiological function

A

adverse drug reaction

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23
Q

What type of drug classification is augmented?

ADR: undesirable effects expected are what type?

What type of problems are there?

A

Type A

Remember Dose Dependent here

Side effects, secondary effects, toxicity

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24
Q

Drug classification cannot be predicated

ADR unexpected effects expected are what type?

A

Type B, bizzare

Hypersensitivity, Genetically determined adverse effects, Idiosyncartic response (1:10,000)

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25
Q

What does idiosyncratic mean?

A

Not sure when will happen

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26
Q

Gastritis is always associated with what drug type?

How is this counteracted?

A

NSAIDS

Take with food

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27
Q

Dicyclomine, Promethazine, and NSAIDS are used for what

A

treat mild side effects

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28
Q

What type of drug is predictable, dose dependent, responsible for a t least 2/3 ADR?

What are the two types of these drugs?

A

Type A-dose dependent

Propranolol and anticholinergics

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29
Q

What type of drug classification can not be predictable, idiosyncratic (genetic maybe), and unpredictable?

What are examples?

A

Type B-genetic

Chloramphenicol and aplastic anemia

30
Q

What type of drug classification is associated with long term use, involves dose accumulation?

What are examples of this?

A

Type C

Phenacetin, and antimalarial

31
Q

What are the delayed effects (in terms of drug classification) that has carcinogenicity, and teratogenicity drug classification?

What is example?

A

Type D -> slow poison

Dose independent

Thalomide, used for morning sickness, big problems

32
Q

Type E is _______, example, must taper the drug down, otherwise people will have what?

What type of drug classification is this form?

A

End of use: withdrawl symptoms

corticosteroid, added outside steroid, stress hormone, cause problems

bad symptoms

33
Q

What are ADR risk factors?

A

Age, multiple medications, altered physiology, multiple co-morbid, long term dose

34
Q

What two drugs cause idiosyncratic malignant hyperthermia?

A

Halothane and suxamethoniun

35
Q

What type of drug reaction causes sunburn, erythema, edema, blistering, hyperpigmentation, and desquamation?
Drug accumulated in the skin

A

phototoxic

36
Q

What type of drug induce cell mediated immune response?

What are an examples?

A

Photoallergic

sulfonamides, sulfonylureas, and griseofulvin

37
Q

What type of drug can causes cleft lip?

A

Phenytoin, used to treat seizures/epilpesy

38
Q

What are the two main broad spectrum drugs?

A

Chloramphenicol and Tetracycline

39
Q

Thalidomide, anticancer, and androgens are what types of drugs?

A

Teratogenicitic

40
Q

What type of drugs can cause idiosyncratic haemolytic anemia?

A

oxidizing agents, aminoquinolines, sulphonamides

41
Q

Acute porphyria is caused by what idiosyncratic reaction?

A

A large number of CNS drugs, and some anti-microbial agents

42
Q

Teratogen is worse during different what?

A

trimesters

43
Q

what refers to adverse effects or complications caused by or resulting from medical treatment or advice (drug-or-physician induced adverse effects)

A

Iatrogenesis

44
Q

What are examples of drug dependence problems?

A

Tolerance, psychological dependence, physical dependence

45
Q 
The science and activities relating to
the detection, assessment,
understanding and prevention of
adverse effects or any other possible
drug-related problems
A

Pharmacovigilance

46
Q

Up till the present day, national and international ‘‘_______________’’ for suspected ADEs have been a major source of information in pharmacovigilance.

A

spontaneous reporting system

47
Q

in addition, certain uncharacteristic or bizarre drug effects due to peculiarities of an individual (for which no definite ______has been described),

A

Idiosyncrasy

genotype

48
Q

Idiosyncracy has barbituates as an example, they can cause what?

A

excitement, mental confusion

suppose to cause anesthesia, and treat seizures

49
Q

What drug reaction can cause steroid induced diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis and drug induced parkinsons?

A

Iatrogenesis

50
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of poison?

A

Dizziness, Vomiting, pain, and headaches

51
Q

Hemodialysis: corrects fluid and _______ imbalance, when is this done?

A

electrolyte

Methanol, or salicylate intoxication

52
Q

The antidote for acetaminophen is?

A

acetylcysteine

53
Q

The antidote for anticholinesterases, organophosphates carbamates?

A

Atropine

54
Q

What is the antidote membrane depressant cardiotoxic drugs?

A

Bicarbonate

55
Q

What is antidote for fluoride, calcium channel blockers?

A

Calcium

56
Q

What is the antidote for digoxin and other related cardiac glycosides?

A

Digoxin antibodies

57
Q

What is the antidote for theophylline, caffeine, metaproterenol?

A

Esmolol

58
Q

What is the antidote for methanol, ethylene glycol?

A

ethanol

59
Q

What is the antidote for beta blockers?

A

glucagon

60
Q

What is the antidote for cyanide?

A

Hydroxocobalamin

61
Q

What is the antidote for narcotic drugs, other opioid derivatives?

A

naloxone (maybe narcane)

62
Q

What is the antidote carbon monoxide?

A

oxygen

63
Q

What is the antidote for antimuscarinic anticholinergic agents?

A

Physostigmine

64
Q

What is the antidote for organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitors?

A

Pralidoxime

65
Q

What is the antidote for heparin?

A

protamine sulfate

66
Q

What type of hormone is intracellular?

A

estrogen

67
Q

What type of hormone uses tyrosine kinase?

A

Insulin

68
Q

What type of hormone uses Jak Kinase?

A

Prolactin

69
Q

What type of sympathetic drug is G-protein linked?

A

Adrenalin

70
Q

What type of signaling does GABA use?

A

ion channel

S&D1 (17 decks)

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