6.1 Transcriptional & Translational Control

Question 1

(RNA processing) what type of molecule is pre mRNA?

Answer 1

Precursor molecule

Question 2

(RNA processing) what is added to pre mRNA before it can bind to a ribosome?

Answer 2

A cap and a tail

Question 3

(RNA processing) what is a cap and where is it added?

Answer 3

Modified nucleotide

Added to the 5 prime end

Question 4

(RNA processing) what is a tail and where is it added?

Answer 4

Long chain of Adenine nucleotides

Added at the 3 prime end

Question 5

(RNA processing) what do the cap and tail do?

Answer 5

Help stabilise mRNA
Delay degradation in the cytoplasm
Cap aids binding of mRNA to ribosomes

Question 6

(RNA editing) how can the nucleotide sequence of some mRNA molecules be changed?

Answer 6

Base addition, deletion or substitution

Question 7

(RNA editing) what do changes to mRNA molecules result in?

Answer 7

Indifferent proteins with different functions

Question 8

(RNA editing) changes to the mRNA nucleotide sequence can increase the range of what?

Answer 8

Proteins produced from a single mRNA molecule

Question 9

(Translational control) how does slowing degradation of mRNA regulate protein synthesis?

Answer 9

More resistant a molecule the longer it lasts in the cytoplasm so more protein is synthesised

Question 10

(Translational control) how do inhibitory proteins regulate protein synthesis?

Answer 10

Bind to mRNA preventing it from binding to ribosomes

Question 11

(Translational control) how do activation of initiation factors regulate protein synthesis?

Answer 11

Aid the binding of mRNA to ribosomes

Question 12

(Protein kinases) what are protein kinases?

Answer 12

Enzymes that catalase addition of phosphate groups to proteins

Question 13

(Protein kinases) what do protein kinases change?

Answer 13

Tertiary structure of proteins and their function

Question 14

(Protein kinases) what are many enzymes activated by?

Answer 14

Phosphorylation

Question 15

(Post translational) involves modifications to what?

Answer 15

Proteins that have already been synthesised

Question 16

(Post translational) proteins can be modified by adding what?

Answer 16

Non protein components

Question 17

(Post translational) proteins can be modified by modifying and adding what?

Answer 17

Amino acids

Adding bonds like disulfide bridges

Question 18

(Post translational) proteins can be modified by what molecule?

Answer 18

Cyclic AMP

Question 19

(Post translational)proteins can be modified by shortening or what?

Answer 19

Folding